Abstract
The Darreh Sary metapelitic rocks are located in the northeast of Zagros orogenic belt and Sanandaj-Sirjan structural zone. The lithological composition of these rocks includes slate, phyllite, muscovitebiotite schist, garnet schist, staurolite-garnet schist and staurolite schist. The shale is the protolith of these metamorphic rocks, which was originated from the continental island arc tectonic setting and has been subjected to processes of Zagros orogeny. The deformation mechanisms in these rocks include bulging recrystallization (BLG), subgrain rotation recrystallization (SGR) and grain boundary migration recrystallization (GBM), which are considered as the key to estimate the deformation temperature of the rocks. The estimated ranges of deformation temperature and depth in these rocks show the temperatures of 275–375, 375–500, and >500°C and the depths of 10 to 17 km. The observed structures in these rocks such as faults, fractures and folds, often with the NW-SE direction coordinate with the structural trends of Zagros orogenic belt structures. The S-C mylonite fabrics is observed in these rocks with other microstructures such as mica fish, σ fabric and garnet deformation indicate the dextral shear deformation movements of study area. Based on the obtained results of this research, the stages of tectonic evolution of Darreh Sary area were developed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
1: 100000 Golpayegan Geology Map (Geol. Surv. Iran, Tehran, 1992) [in Persian].
P. Agard, J. Omrani, L. Jolivet, and F. Mouthereau, “Convergence history across Zagros (Iran): Constraints from collisional and earlier deformation,” Int. J. Earth Sci. 94, 401–419 (2005).
P. Agard, J. Omrani, L. Jolivet, H. Whitechurch, B. Vrielynck, W. Spakman, P. Monié, B. Meyer, and R. Wortel, “Zagros orogeny: A subduction-dominated process,” Geol. Mag. 148, 1–34 (2011).
A. Aghanabati, Geology of Iran (Geol. Surv. Iran, Tehran, 2004) [in Persian].
M. Alavi and M. A. Mahdavi, “Stratigraphy and structures of the Nahavand region in western Iran and their implications for the Zagros tectonics,” Geol. Mag. 131, 43–47 (1994).
M. Allen, J. Jackson, and R. Walker, “Late Cenozoic reorganization of the Arabia-Eurasia collision and the comparison of short-term and long-term deformation rates,” Tectonics 23 (2004). doi 10.1029/2003TC001530
U. Altenberger and S. Wilhelm, “Ductile deformation of K-feldspar in dry eclogite facies shear zones in the Bergen Arcs, Norway,” Tectonophysics 320, 107–121 (2000).
D. M. Bachmanov, V. G. Trifonov, K. T. Hessami, A. I. Kozhurin, T. P. Ivanova, E. A. Rogozhin, M. C. Hademi, and F. H. Jamali, “Active faults in the Zagros and central Iran,” Tectonophysics 380, 221–241 (2004).
J. E. Baily and P. B. Hirsch, “The recrystallization process in some polycrystalline metals,” Proc. R. Soc. London A 267, 11–30 (1962). doi 10.1098/rspa.1962.0080
P. Ballato, A. Mulch, A. Landgraf, M. R. Strecker, M. C. Dalconi, A. Friedrich, and S. H. Tabatabaei, “Middle to late Miocene Middle Eastern climate from stable oxygen and carbon isotope data, southern Alborz mountains, N Iran,” Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 300, 125–38 (2010).
M. R. Bathia and K. A. W. Crook, “Trace element characteristics of greywackes and tectonic setting discrimination of sedimentary basins,” Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 92, 181–193 (1986).
F. Berberian and M. Berberian, “Tectono-plutonic episodes in Iran,” in Zagros Hindu Kush, Himalaya: Geodynamic Evolution, Vol. 3 of Am. Geophys. Union, Geodyn. Ser., Ed. by H. K. Gupta and F. M. Delany (Am. Geophys. Union, Washington, DC, 1981), pp. 5–32.
M. Berberian, “The southern Caspian, a compressional depression floored by a trapped, modified oceanic crust,” Can. J. Earth Sci. 20, 163–183 (1983).
M. Berberian and G. C. P. King, “Towards a paleogeography and tectonic evolution of Iran,” Can. J. Earth Sci. 18, 1764–1796 (1981).
D. Berthe, P. Choukroune, and P. Jegouzo, “Orthogeneiss mylonite and non-coaxial deformation of granites: The example of the South American shear zone,” J. Struct. Geol. 1, 31–42 (1979).
M. G. Best, Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology (Blackwell, 2003).
S. Beygi, A. Nadimi, and H. Safaei, “Tectonic history of seismogenic fault structures in Central Iran,” J. Geosci. 61, 127–144 (2016).
K. Bucher and M. Frey, Petrogenesis of Metamorphic Rocks (Springer, New York, 2002).
M. R. Drury, F. J. Humphreys, and S. H. White, “Large strain deformation studies using polycrystalline magnesium as a rock analogue. Part II: Dynamic recrystallization mechanisms at high temperatures,” Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 40, 208–222 (1985).
Z. Ebrahimiyan, G.Torabi, J. Ahmadian, and H. Baharzadeh, “Petrology of Mesr granitoid complex (NE of Isfahan Province),” Iran. J. Petrol. 2 (6), 1–16 (2011).
J. Eftekharnejad, “Separation the various zones of Iran with structural condition, associated with sedimentary basins,” Bull. Iran. Pet. Inst. 82, 19–28 (1980).
N. L. Falcon, “Southern Iran: Zagros Mountains,” in Mesozoic-Cenozoic Orogenic Belts: Data for Orogenic Studies, Vol. 4 of Geol. Soc. London, Spec. Publ., Ed. by A. M. Spencer (London, 1974), pp. 199–211.
D. A. Ferrill, “Calcite twin widths and intensities as metamorphic indicators in natural low-temperature deformation of limestone,” J. Struct. Geol. 13, 667–675 (1991).
D. A. Ferrill, A. P. Morris, M. A. Evans, and M. Burkhard, “Calcite twin morphology: A low-temperature deformation geothermometer,” J. Struct. Geol. 11, 421–431 (2004).
H. Fossen, Structural Geology (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 2010).
D. Garcia, M. Fonteilles, and J. Moutte, “Sedimentary fractionations between Al, Ti, and Zr and the genesis of strongly peraluminous granites,” J. Geol. 102, 411–422 (1994).
R. M. Garrels and F. T. Mackenzie, Evolution of Sedimentary Rocks (Norton, New York, 1971)
Geological Map of Iran (N.I.O.C. Explor. Prod., Tehran, 1975–1976).
A. Ghasemi and C. J. Talbot, “A new tectonic scenario for the Sanandaj–Sirjan Zone (Iran),” J. Asian Earth Sci. 26, 683–693 (2005).
J. Golonka, “Plate tectonic evolution of the southern margin of Eurasia in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic,” Tectonophysics 381, 235–273 (2004).
M. Guillopé and J. P. Poirier, “Dynamic recrystallization during creep of single-crystalline halite: An experimental study,” J. Geophys. Res., B 84, 5557–5567 (1979).
S. J. Haynes and H. McQuillan, “Evolution of the Zagros Suture Zone, Southern Iran,” Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 85, 739–44 (1974).
G. Hirth and J. Tullis, “Dislocation creep regimes in quartz aggregates,” J. Struct. Geol. 14, 145–159 (1992).
FaultKin 7 software, Cornell University. http://www. geo.cornell.edu/geology/faculty/RWA/programs/faultkin. html. Accessed December 31, 2017.
Stereonet 7 software, Cornell University. http://www. geo.cornell.edu/geology/faculty/RWA/programs/stereonet-7-for-windows.html. Accessed December 31, 2017.
P. Jerabek, H. Stunitz, R. Heilbronner, O. Lexa, and K. Schulmann, “Microstructural-deformation record of an orogen-parallel extension in the Vepor Unit, West Carpathians,” J. Struct. Geol. 29, 1722–1743 (2007).
S. Karimi, PhD Thesis (Univ. Isfahan, Isfahan, 2012) [in Persian].
S. Karimi, S. M. Tabatabaei Manesh, H. Safaei, and M. Sharifi, “Metamorphism and deformation of Golpayegan metapelitic rocks, Sanandaj–Sirjan Zone, Iran,” Petrology 20, 658–675 (2012).
G. E. Lloyd and B. Freeman, “Dynamic recrystallization of quartz under greenschist condition,” J. Struct. Geol. 16, 6, 867–881 (1994).
G. S. Lister and A. W. Snoke, “S–C mylonites,” J. Struct. Geol. 6, 617–638 (1984).
N. S. Mancktelow and G. Pennacchioni, “The control of precursor brittle fracture and fluid-rock interaction on the development of single and paired ductile shear zones,” J. Struct. Geol. 27, 645–661 (2005).
M. Mohajjel and C. L. Fergusson, “Dextral transpression in Late Cretaceous continental collision, Sanandaj–Sirjan Zone, western Iran,” J. Struct. Geol. 22, 1125–1139 (2000).
M. Mohajjel, C. L. Fergusson, and M. R. Sahandi, “Cretaceous–Tertiary convergence and continental collision, Sanandaj–Sirjan Zone, western Iran,” J. Asian Earth Sci. 21, 397–412 (2003).
E. Moosavi and M. Mohajjel, “Structure of shear zone and folds interference patterns in North Esfajerd, Sanandaj–Sirjan Zone,” J. Geosci. 91, 119–130 (2012).
C. K. Morley, B. Kongwung, A. A. Julapour, M. Abdolghafourian, M. Hajian, D. Waples, J. Warren, H. Otterdoom, K. Srisuriyon, and H. Kazemi, “Structural development of a major late Cenozoic basin and transpressional belt in central Iran: The Central Basin in the Qom-Saveh area,” Geosphere 5, 325–362 (2009).
A. Nadimi, PhD Thesis (Univ. Warsaw, Warsaw, 2010).
A. Nadimi, “Structural analysis of the Hasan-Robat marbles as traces of folded basement in the Sanandaj–Sirjan Zone, Iran,” Geotectonics 46, 6, 560–578 (2015).
A. Nadimi and A. Konon, “Gaw-Khuni Basin: An active stepover structure in the Sanandaj–Sirjan Zone, Iran,” Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 124, 484–498 (2012).
A. Nadimi and H. Nadimi, “Active tectonics of the South Shahreza, N. Zagros Mountains, Iran,” 6th International Conference on the Geology of the Middle East: United Arab Emirates University Publication, Abstracts (2006), p. 272.
A. Nadimi and H. Nadimi, “Exhumation of old rocks during the Zagros collision in the northwestern part of the Zagros Mountains, Iran,” in Investigations into the Tectonics of the Tibetan Plateau, Vol. 444 of Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap., Ed. by B. C. Burchfiel and E. Wang. (2008), pp. 105–122.
G. Nichols, Sedimentology and Stratigraphy, 2nd ed. (Wiley–Blackwell, Chichester, 2009).
O. Nishikawa and T. Takeshita, “Progressive lattice misorientation and microstructural development in quartz veins deformed under subgreenschist conditions,” J. Struct. Geol. 22, 259–276 (2000).
O. Nishikawa, K. Saiki, and H. R. Wenk, “Intra-granular strains and grain boundary morphologies of dynamically recrystallized quartz aggregates in a mylonite,” J. Struct. Geol. 26, 127–141 (2004).
M. W. Nyman, R. D. Law, and E. Smelik, “Cataclastic deformation mechanism for the development of coremantle structures in amphibole,” Geology 20, 455–458 (1992).
T. Okudaira, T. Takeshita, M. Toriumi, and J. H. Kruhl, “Prism- and basal-plane parallel subgrain boundaries in quartz: A microstructural geothermobarometer,” J. Metamorph. Geol. 16, 141–146 (1998).
C. W. Passchier and R. A. J. Trouw, Microtectonics, 2nd ed. (Springer, Berlin, 2005).
H. Philip, A. Cisternas, A. Gvishiani, and A. Gorshkov, “The Caucasus: An actual example of the initial stages of a continental collision,” Tectonophysics 161, 1–21 (1989).
J. G. Ramsay, “Shear zone geometry: A review,” J. Struct. Geol. 2, 83–101 (1980).
J. G. Ramsay and M. I. Huber, The Techniques of Modern Structural Geology, Vol. 1: Strain Analysis (Academic Press, London, 1983).
L. E. Ricou, “The growing ophiolite perioral, a belt plies establishment in Upper Cretaceous,” Rev. Geogr. Phys. Geol. Dyn. 13, 327–50 (1971).
A. H. Robertson, “Mesozoic–Tertiary tectonic-sedimentary evolution of a south Tethyan oceanic basin and its margins in southern Turkey,” in Tectonics and Magmatism in Turkey and the Surrounding Area, Vol. 173 of Geol. Soc. London, Spec. Publ., Ed. by E. Bozkurt, J. A. Winchester, and J. D. A. Piper (2000), pp. 97–138.
J. Sapkota and I. V. Sanislav, “Preservation of deep Himalayan PT conditions that formed during multiple events in garnet cores: Mylonitization produces erroneous results for rims,” Tectonophysics 587, 89–106 (2013).
K. Sarkarinejad and A. Alizadeh, “Dynamic model for the exhumation of the Tutak gneiss dome within a bivergent wedge in the Zagros Thrust System of Iran,” J. Geodyn. 47, 201–209 (2009).
N. Shigematsu, “Dynamic recrystallization in deformed plagioclase during progressive shear deformation,” Tectonophysics 305, 437–452 (1999).
M. Stipp, H. Stunitz, R. Heilbronner, and S. M. Schmid, “The eastern Tonale fault zone: A ‘natural laboratory’ for crystal plastic deformation of quartz over a temperature range from 250 to 700°C,” J. Struct. Geol. 24, 1861–1884 (2002).
J. Stöcklin, “Structural history and tectonics of Iran: A review,” AAPG Bull. 52, 1229–1258 (1968).
S. M. Tabatabaei Manesh, Petrography and Petrology of the Metamorphic Rocks (Publ. Jahad Daneshgahi Isfahan branch, Isfahan, 2012) [in Persian].
O. Thiele, M. Alavi, R. Assefi, A. Hushmand-Zadeh, K. Seyed-Emami, and M. Zahedi, Golpaygan Quadrangle Map (1: 250000) with Explanatory Text (Geol. Surv. Iran, Tehran, 1968).
G. Torabi, “Chromitite potential in mantle peridotites of the Jandaq ophiolite (Isfahan province, Central Iran),” C. R. Geosci. 341, 982–992 (2009).
G. Torabi, S. Arai, and J. Koepke, “Metamorphosed mantle peridotites from Central Iran (Jandaq area, Isfahan province),” Neues Jahrb. Geol. Palaeontol., Abh. 261, 129–150 (2011).
C. Trepmann, A. Lenze, and B. Stockhert, “Static recrystallization of vein quartz pebbles in a high-pressure–low-temperature metamorphic conglomerate,” J. Struct. Geol. 32, 202–215 (2010).
V. G. Trifonov, “Collision and mountain building,” Geotectonics 50, 1–20 (2016).
J. Urai, W. D. Means, and G. S. Lister, “Dynamic recrystallization of minerals,” in Mineral and Rock Deformation: Laboratory Studies, Vol. 36 of Am. Geophys. Union, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., Ed. by H. C. Heard and B. E. Hobbs, (1986), pp. 161–199.
R. H. Vernon, A Practical Guide to Rock Microstructure (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 2006).
S. J. Vincent, M. B. Allen, A. D. Ismail Zadeh, R. Flecker, K. A. Foland, and M. D. Simmons, “Insights from the Talysh of Azerbaijan into the Paleogene evolution of the South Caspian region,” Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 117, 1513–33 (2005).
H. G. F. Winkler, Petrogenesis of Metamorphic Rocks, 4th ed. (Springer, New York, 1976).
J. C. White and S. H. White, “Semi-brittle deformation within the Alpine fault zone, New Zealand,” J. Struct. Geol. 5, 579–589 (1983).
D. L. Whitney and B. W. Evans, “Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals,” Am. Mineral. 95, 185–187 (2010).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
The article is published in the original.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hemmati, O., Tabatabaei Manesh, S.M. & Nadimi, A.R. Deformation Mechanisms of Darreh Sary Metapelites, Sanandaj‒Sirjan Zone, Iran. Geotecton. 52, 281–296 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0016852118020024
Received:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S0016852118020024