Skip to main content
Log in

On the methods for calculation of grammians and their use in analysis of linear dynamic systems

  • Linear Systems
  • Published:
Automation and Remote Control Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Consideration was given to the methods for solution of the differential and algebraic Lyapunov and Sylvester equations in the time and frequency domains. Their solutions are represented as various finite and infinite grammians. The proposed approach to calculation of the grammians lies in expanding them as the sums of the matrix bilinear or quadratic forms generated with the use of the Faddeev matrices and representing each the solution of the linear matrix algebraic equation corresponding to an individual matrix eigenvalue. A lemma was proved representing explicitly the finite and infinite grammians as the matrix exponents depending on the combined spectrum of the original matrices. This result is generalized to the cases where the spectrum of one matrix contains an eigenvalue of the multiplicity two. Examples illustrating calculation of the finite and infinite grammians were discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Lyapunov, A.M., Obshchaya zadacha ob ustoichivosti dvizheniya (General Problem of Motion Stability), Moscow: ONTI, 1935.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Sylvester, J.J., Sur l’équation en matrices px=xq, Comptes Rendus de l’Academie Sci., 1884, pp. 67–71.

  3. Fuhrmann, P.A., Polynomial Approach to Linear Algebra, Berlin: Springer, 1996.

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  4. Andreev, Yu.N., Upravlenie konechnomernymi lineinymi ob”ektami (Control of Finite-dimensional Linear Plants), Moscow: Nauka, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Kalman, R.E. and Bucy, R.S., New Results in Linear Filtering and Prediction Theory, J. Basic Eng., Trans. ASME, Ser. D, 1969, vol. 83, pp. 95–108.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  6. Kwakernaak, H., and Sivan, R., Linear Optimal Control Systems, New York: Wiley, 1972. Translated under the title Lineinye optimal’nye sistemy upravleniya, Moscow: Mir, 1977.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  7. Poznyak, A.S., Advanced Mathematical Tools for Automatic Control Engineers, vol. 1: Deterministic Techniques, Paris: Elsevier, 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Afanas’ev, V.N., Kolmanovskii, V.B., and Nosov, V.R., Matematicheskaya teoriya konstruirovaniya sistem upravleniya (A Mathematical Theory of Control System Design), Moscow: Vysshaya Shkola, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Polyak, B.T. and Shcherbakov, P.S., Robastnaya ustoichivost’ i upravlenie (Robust Stability and Control), Moscow: Nauka, 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Balandin, D.V. and Kogan, M.M., Sintez zakonov upravleniya na osnove lineinykh matrichnykh neravenstv (Design of the Control Laws on the Basis of the Linear Matrices Inequalities), Moscow: Nauka, 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Andrievskii, B.R. and Fradkov, A.L., Izbrannye glavy teorii avtomaticheskogo upravleniya (Selected Chapters of the Automatic Control Theory), St. Petersburg: Nauka, 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Sorensen, D. and Antoulas, A., Grammians of Structured Systems and an Error Bound for Structurepreserving Model Reduction, in Lecture Notes Comput. Sci. Eng., Benner, P., Mehrmann, V., and Sorensen, D., Eds., Berlin: Springer, 2005, vol. 45, pp. 117–130.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Constructive Algebra and System Theory, Hanzon, B. and Hazewinkel, M., Eds., Amsterdam: Royal Netherlands Academy Arts Sci., 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Faddeev, D.K. and Faddeeva, V.N., Vychislitel’nye metody lineinoi algebry (Computational Methods of Linear Algebra), Moscow: Fizmatgiz, 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Peeters, R. and Rapisardra, P., Solution of Polynomial Lyapunov and Sylvester Equations, in Constructive Algebra and System Theory, Hanzon, B. and Hazewinkel, M., Eds., Amsterdam: Royal Netherlands Academy Arts Sci., 2006, pp. 151–166.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Hanzon, B. and Peeters, R.L.M., A Faddeev Sequence Method of Solving Lyapunov and Sylvester Equations, Linear Algebra Appl., 1996, pp. 401–430.

  17. Metody klassicheskoi i sovremennoi teorii avtomaticheskogo upravleniya, tom: 2: Sintez kontrollerov i teoriya optimizatsii sistem avtomaticheskogo upravleniya (Methods of the Classical and Modern Automatic Control Theory, vol. 2: Design of Controllers and the Optimization Theory of the Automatic Control Theory), Egupov, N.D., Ed., Moscow: Mosk. Gos. Tekhn. Univ., 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Peeters, R.L.M. and Rapisardra, P., A Two-variable Approach to Solve the Polynomial Lyapunov Equation, Syst. Control Lett., 2001, no. 42(2), pp. 117–126.

  19. Benner, P., Large-scale Matrix Equation of Special Type, Numer. Linear Algebra Appl., 2008, vol. 15, no. 9, pp. 747–754.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  20. Boichenko, V.A., Kurdyukov, A.P., Timin, V.N., Chaikovskii, M.M., et al., Some Methods of Design of Controllers of the Given Order and Structure, in Control of Large Systems, Moscow: Inst. Probl. Upravlen., 2007, vol. 19, pp. 23–126.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Soukhanov, O.A. and Yadykin, I.B., Method of Steady-state Stability Analysis in Large Electrical Power Systems, in Proc. 17th Power Syst. Comput. Conf., PSCC2011, Stockholm: Curran Associates, 2011, vol. 1, pp. 934–941, http://www.pscccentral.org/uploads/txethpublications/fp176.pdf.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Yadykin, I.B., On the Properties of Grammians of the Continuous Control Systems, Autom. Remote Control, 2010, vol. 71, no. 6, pp. 1011–1021.

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  23. Gardner, M.A. and Barnes, J.L., Transients in Linear Systems, New York: Wiley, 1942. Translated under the title Perekhodnye protsessy v lineinykh sistemakh, Moscow: Fizmatgiz, 1961.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  24. Ikramov, Kh.D., Chislennoe reshenie matrichnykh uravnenii (Numerical Solution of the Matrix Equations), Moscow: Nauka, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Bellman, R., Introduction to Matrix Analysis, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1960. Translated under the title Vvedenie v teoriyu matrits, Moscow: Nauka, 1969.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  26. Voropai, N.I., Uproshchenie matematicheskikh modelei dinamiki elektroenergeticheskikh sistem (Simplifying the Mathematical Models of Power System Dynamics), Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Barinov, V.A. and Sovalov, S.A., Rezhimy energosistem: metody analiza i upravleniya (Power System Modes: Methods of Analysis and Control), Moscow: Energoatomizdat, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Kundur, P., Rogers, G.J., Wong, D.Y., Wang, L., et al., A Comprehensive Computer Program Package for Small Signal Stability Analysis of Large Power Systems, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., 1990, vol. PWRS-5, no. 4, pp. 635–642.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Martins, N., The Dominant Pole Spectrum Eigen-Solver, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., 1997, vol. PWRS-12, no. 1, pp. 245–254.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Gaglioti, E., Iaria, A., Panasetsky, D., Voropai, N.I., et al., Inter-area Oscillations in GE/Turkey and IPS/UPS Power Systems CD, in Proc. SIGRE 2011 Bologna Simposium, Bologna, 2011, pp. 272–276.

  31. Filippova, N.G. and Tuzlukova, E.V., Model Method of Power System Stability: A New Method to Determine the Eigenvalues, Elektrichestvo, 2006, no. 4, pp. 5–19.

  32. Misrihanov, M.Sh. and Ryabchenko, V.N., Matrix Sign-function in the Problems Analysis and Design of the Linear Systems, Autom. Remote Control, 2008, vol. 69, no. 2, pp. 198–223.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  33. Ahmetzyanov, A., Iskakov, A., Grigoryev, A., Matinyan, A., et al., Grammians Method of Steady-State Stability Analysis in Large Electrical Power Systems, in Proc. 8th PP&PSC (Power Plant and Power Systems Control) IFAC Symp., September 2–5, 2012, Toulouse, France (Paper ID 113).

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Additional information

Original Russian Text © I.B. Yadykin, A.A. Galyaev, 2013, published in Avtomatika i Telemekhanika, 2013, No. 2, pp. 53–74.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Yadykin, I.B., Galyaev, A.A. On the methods for calculation of grammians and their use in analysis of linear dynamic systems. Autom Remote Control 74, 207–224 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0005117913020045

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S0005117913020045

Keywords

Navigation