Table 9 Upper East regional decomposition of gender differential in rice productivity at selected points of the rice productivity distribution
From: Are Female Rice Farmers Less Productive than Male Farmers? Micro-evidence from Ghana
| Panel C: Detailed decomposition | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Explained | Structural | |||||||
| Mean | 10th | 50th | 90th | Mean | 10th | 50th | 90th | |
| Manager characteristics | ||||||||
| Log of age (years) | 0.001 (0.010) | 0.002 (0.017) | 0.001 (0.011) | 0.002 (0.021) | − 0.944 (1.714) | − 1.092 (3.955) | 0.415 (3.045) | − 3.402 (2.269) |
| Log of years of schooling | − 0.000 (0.018) | − 0.010 (0.028) | − 0.040 (0.041) | 0.022 (0.023) | − 0.005 (0.091) | − 0.042 (0.174) | − 0.077 (0.177) | 0.093 (0.105) |
| Married | 0.019 (0.027) | 0.080 (0.069) | 0.070 (0.054) | 0.037 (0.039) | − 0.039 (0.231) | − 0.423 (0.474) | − 0.224 (0.402) | − 0.214 (0.353) |
| Extension access | − 0.006 (0.011) | − 0.006 (0.013) | − 0.008 (0.016) | − 0.015 (0.026) | − 0.100* (0.052) | − 0.132 (0.102) | − 0.109 (0.100) | − 0.155** (0.077) |
| Credit access | 0.005 (0.008) | 0.007 (0.013) | 0.005 (0.013) | − 0.006 (0.013) | − 0.039 (0.057) | − 0.075 (0.112) | − 0.076 (0.100) | 0.043 (0.089) |
| FBO membership | 0.019 (0.030) | − 0.077 (0.063) | 0.046 (0.054) | 0.076* (0.041) | 0.048 (0.050) | − 0.036 (0.094) | 0.130 (0.091) | 0.032 (0.076) |
| Market information access | 0.000 (0.007) | 0.000 (0.029) | − 0.000 (0.007) | 0.000 (0.012) | 0.055 (0.213) | − 0.084 (0.515) | 0.196 (0.353) | − 0.116 (0.220) |
| Plot characteristics | ||||||||
| Log of farm size (ha) | 0.008 (0.017) | 0.016 (0.034) | − 0.006 (0.019) | 0.008 (0.018) | − 0.178 (0.124) | − 0.327 (0.272) | 0.121 (0.230) | − 0.181 (0.172) |
| Land ownership | 0.003 (0.010) | 0.010 (0.021) | − 0.011 (0.018) | − 0.000 (0.014) | 0.017 (0.108) | 0.056 (0.209) | − 0.299* (0.174) | 0.052 (0.155) |
| Log of Farm distance (km) | − 0.018 (0.024) | − 0.060 (0.061) | − 0.031 (0.042) | − 0.007 (0.035) | − 0.136 (0.183) | − 0.228 (0.374) | − 0.227 (0.311) | − 0.382 (0.297) |
| Log of Market distance (km) | − 0.009 (0.021) | − 0.022 (0.040) | − 0.007 (0.045) | − 0.012 (0.031) | 0.072 (0.198) | − 0.198 (0.362) | 0.376 (0.407) | 0.092 (0.319) |
| Household characteristics | ||||||||
| Log of household size | − 0.043* (0.024) | − 0.027 (0.043) | − 0.040 (0.033) | − 0.047 (0.034) | 0.363 (0.358) | 0.584 (0.933) | 0.348 (0.666) | 0.258 (0.604) |
| Log of household expenditure | − 0.071 (0.062) | − 0.050 (0.052) | − 0.102 (0.089) | − 0.017 (0.021) | − 0.626** (0.317) | − 0.762 (0.763) | − 1.019* (0.552) | 0.189 (0.404) |
| Log of total livestock units | − 0.005 (0.014) | − 0.003 (0.011) | 0.001 (0.006) | − 0.000 (0.004) | − 0.251 (0.296) | 0.756 (0.810) | − 0.293 (0.522) | 0.238 (0.386) |
| Log of off-farm income (Ghc) | − 0.004 (0.009) | − 0.008 (0.017) | 0.003 (0.009) | − 0.011 (0.022) | − 0.041 (0.070) | − 0.132 (0.144) | 0.066 (0.124) | − 0.133 (0.115) |
| Log of asset value (Ghc) | − 0.010 (0.013) | − 0.043 (0.042) | − 0.006 (0.016) | − 0.013 (0.016) | − 0.967 (1.441) | − 4.363 (3.415) | − 0.339 (2.506) | − 1.929 (2.000) |
| Labor inputs | ||||||||
| Log of family labor (man-days/ha) | 0.014 (0.019) | 0.033 (0.041) | − 0.008 (0.022) | 0.005 (0.013) | 0.407 (0.409) | − 0.558 (0.828) | 1.507* (0.787) | − 0.212 (0.505) |
| Hired labor use | − 0.000 (0.002) | − 0.003 (0.024) | 0.001 (0.006) | 0.001 (0.011) | 0.005 (0.089) | − 0.288 (0.196) | 0.091 (0.168) | 0.196 (0.120) |
| Log of hired labor (man-days/ha) | − 0.004 (0.012) | − 0.000 (0.006) | − 0.002 (0.009) | − 0.003 (0.011) | 0.054 (0.099) | 0.346 (0.214) | 0.047 (0.194) | − 0.052 (0.140) |
| Non-labor inputs | ||||||||
| Chemical fertilizer use | − 0.046 (0.033) | 0.001 (0.048) | − 0.039 (0.049) | − 0.046 (0.036) | 0.159 (0.116) | 0.266 (0.203) | 0.168 (0.197) | 0.040 (0.147) |
| Log of chemical fertilizer (kg/ha) | 0.001 (0.003) | − 0.002 (0.009) | 0.003 (0.011) | 0.006 (0.022) | 0.035 (0.097) | − 0.015 (0.231) | − 0.013 (0.181) | 0.271* (0.154) |
| Herbicide use | 0.004 (0.013) | 0.012 (0.045) | 0.003 (0.010) | − 0.005 (0.016) | 0.094 (0.101) | 0.268 (0.240) | 0.160 (0.181) | − 0.353** (0.143) |
| Log of herbicide (l/ha) | − 0.002 (0.008) | − 0.002 (0.012) | − 0.000 (0.004) | 0.001 (0.008) | 0.063 (0.103) | − 0.064 (0.220) | 0.009 (0.169) | 0.095 (0.159) |
| Improved seed use | 0.001 (0.008) | 0.001 (0.012) | 0.002 (0.015) | 0.002 (0.016) | − 0.019 (0.038) | − 0.046 (0.072) | − 0.032 (0.063) | − 0.011 (0.063) |
| Log of improved seed (kg/ha) | 0.000 (0.009) | − 0.001 (0.037) | 0.001 (0.031) | 0.001 (0.036) | − 0.240 (0.265) | 0.806 (0.624) | − 0.672 (0.519) | − 0.965** (0.437) |
| Machinery use | 0.002 (0.006) | − 0.016 (0.026) | 0.014 (0.023) | − 0.005 (0.010) | 0.117 (0.134) | − 0.260 (0.295) | 0.468* (0.246) | − 0.072 (0.192) |
| Row planting | 0.006 (0.011) | − 0.002 (0.018) | 0.003 (0.013) | 0.027 (0.034) | − 0.021 (0.119) | 0.151 (0.271) | − 0.087 (0.197) | − 0.152 (0.169) |
| Production shocks | ||||||||
| Pest | 0.013 (0.025) | 0.080 (0.055) | 0.028 (0.051) | − 0.028 (0.034) | 0.079 (0.078) | 0.267* (0.155) | 0.112 (0.150) | 0.021 (0.109) |
| Disease | − 0.057* (0.032) | − 0.056 (0.052) | − 0.079 (0.055) | 0.016 (0.030) | 0.173 (0.102) | 0.270 (0.223) | 0.181 (0.195) | 0.024 (0.140) |
| Drought | − 0.028 (0.026) | 0.008 (0.046) | − 0.087 (0.061) | − 0.035 (0.032) | 0.054* (0.127) | 0.067 (0.272) | 0.131 (0.237) | 0.024 (0.162) |