Table 8 Northern regional decomposition of gender differential in rice productivity at selected points of the rice productivity distribution
From: Are Female Rice Farmers Less Productive than Male Farmers? Micro-evidence from Ghana
| Panel C: Detailed decomposition | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Explained | Structural | |||||||
| Mean | 10th | 50th | 90th | Mean | 10th | 50th | 90th | |
| Manager characteristics | ||||||||
| Log of age (years) | 0.016 (0.014) | 0.005 (0.015) | 0.023 (0.020) | 0.003 (0.013) | 1.788 (1.227) | 1.520 (1.714) | 2.805* (1.630) | − 0.123 (1.615) |
| Log of years of schooling | − 0.001 (0.005) | 0.009 (0.014) | − 0.002 (0.007) | − 0.004 (0.007) | 0.002 (0.032) | − 0.050 (0.055) | − 0.022 (0.037) | 0.038 (0.032) |
| Married | − 0.008 (0.019) | − 0.009 (0.021) | − 0.037 (0.029) | − 0.001 (0.025) | 0.590 (0.377) | 1.244 (0.831) | 0.276 (0.368) | 0.134 (0.263) |
| Extension access | − 0.007 (0.011) | − 0.000 (0.011) | − 0.004 (0.011) | − 0.007 (0.011) | 0.006 (0.116) | 0.190 (0.173) | 0.039 (0.150) | − 0.096 (0.116) |
| Credit access | − 0.003 (0.007) | − 0.002 (0.007) | − 0.002 (0.006) | − 0.001 (0.004) | 0.026 (0.043) | 0.039 (0.061) | − 0.002 (0.056) | 0.018 (0.049) |
| FBO membership | − 0.016 (0.018) | − 0.016 (0.019) | − 0.013 (0.017) | − 0.011 (0.015) | − 0.077 (0.066) | − 0.074 (0.087) | 0.010 (0.091) | − 0.032 (0.085) |
| Market information access | − 0.006 (0.023) | − 0.004 (0.017) | − 0.002 (0.008) | 0.001 (0.003) | − 0.400 (0.039) | − 0.858 (0.684) | − 0.197 (0.387) | 0.013 (0.291) |
| Plot characteristics | ||||||||
| Log of farm size (ha) | 0.000 (0.002) | 0.001 (0.022) | − 0.000 (0.004) | − 0.000 (0.001) | 0.039 (0.061) | − 0.122 (0.088) | 0.101 (0.077) | 0.032 (0.075) |
| Land ownership | − 0.000 (0.003) | 0.005 (0.012) | − 0.002 (0.004) | − 0.001 (0.004) | − 0.002 (0.048) | − 0.050 (0.087) | − 0.024 (0.062) | − 0.003 (0.065) |
| Log of Farm distance (km) | − 0.007 (0.010) | − 0.020 (0.022) | − 0.007 (0.013) | − 0.004 (0.010) | 0.030 (0.303) | − 0.360 (0.484) | 0.172 (0.423) | 0.290 (0.398) |
| Log of Market distance(km) | − 0.001 (0.004) | − 0.005 (0.010) | 0.003 (0.007) | − 0.002 (0.005) | 0.087 (0.198) | − 0.255 (0.235) | 0.351 (0.257) | − 0.000 (0.224) |
| Household characteristics | ||||||||
| Log of household size | − 0.004 (0.008) | − 0.015 (0.028) | − 0.001 (0.006) | − 0.005 (0.010) | 0.166 (0.355) | 0.786 (0.643) | 0.220 (0.401) | 0.398 (0.319) |
| Log of household expenditure | 0.005 (0.016) | 0.008 (0.025) | 0.001 (0.005) | 0.002 (0.007) | − 0.378 (0.438) | − 0.392 (0.645) | 0.093 (0.485) | − 0.070 (0.463) |
| Log of total livestock units | 0.008 (0.013) | 0.010 (0.018) | − 0.001 (0.016) | − 0.009 (0.019) | 0.365 (0.357) | − 0.011 (0.479) | 0.037 (0.392) | 0.104 (0.466) |
| Log of off-farm income (Ghc) | − 0.001 (0.004) | 0.005 (0.009) | − 0.002 (0.006) | − 0.004 (0.009) | 0.004 (0.029) | − 0.035 (0.040) | 0.020 (0.040) | 0.010 (0.036) |
| Log of asset value (Ghc) | − 0.000 (0.002) | 0.002 (0.006) | − 0.001 (0.004) | 0.002 (0.007) | 2.400** (1.116) | 0.523 (1.981) | 1.577 (1.504) | 2.272 (1.580) |
| Labor inputs | ||||||||
| Log of family labor (man-days/ha) | − 0.015 (0.020) | − 0.023 (0.028) | − 0.001 (0.017) | − 0.013 (0.020) | 0.895 (0.626) | 0.380 (0.858) | 0.126 (0.580) | 0.662 (0.636) |
| Hired labor use | − 0.008 (0.012) | − 0.027 (0.026) | − 0.003 (0.014) | − 0.012 (0.014) | 0.048 (0.058) | 0.094 (0.107) | 0.025 (0.074) | 0.076 (0.071) |
| Log of hired labor (man-days/ha) | 0.001 (0.006) | − 0.001 (0.012) | 0.001 (0.011) | 0.001 (0.005) | 0.008 (0.054) | 0.061 (0.076) | − 0.034 (0.070) | − 0.019 (0.075) |
| Non-labor inputs | ||||||||
| Chemical fertilizer use | − 0.003 (0.018) | − 0.007 (0.040) | − 0.002 (0.011) | − 0.001 (0.004) | 0.149 (0.246) | 0.664 (0.638) | − 0.175 (0.239) | − 0.146 (0.213) |
| Log of chemical fertilizer (kg/ha) | 0.001 (0.011) | 0.015 (0.021) | − 0.007 (0.016) | − 0.017 (0.019) | − 0.007 (0.081) | − 0.126 (0.126) | 0.064 (0.104) | 0.108 (0.100) |
| Herbicide use | 0.033 (0.022) | 0.045 (0.030) | 0.022 (0.024) | 0.003 (0.016) | 0.294* (0.175) | 0.451** (0.229) | 0.194 (0.231) | 0.006 (0.187) |
| Log of herbicide (l/ha) | 0.004 (0.008) | − 0.003 (0.011) | − 0.002 (0.009) | 0.001 (0.007) | − 0.025 (0.073) | 0.069 (0.112) | 0.058 (0.096) | 0.020 (0.078) |
| Improved seed use | 0.006 (0.010) | − 0.007 (0.012) | 0.008 (0.013) | 0.003 (0.007) | − 0.024 (0.027) | 0.028 (0.042) | − 0.036 (0.034) | − 0.007 (0.031) |
| Log of improved seed (kg/ha) | 0.003 (0.010) | − 0.020 (0.024) | 0.012 (0.018) | 0.027 (0.028) | − 0.226 (0.234) | 0.311 (0.386) | − 0.339 (0.313) | − 0.580* (0.314) |
| Machinery use | − 0.000 (0.004) | 0.007 (0.018) | − 0.004 (0.010) | − 0.001 (0.005) | 0.084 (0.111) | − 0.101 (0.184) | 0.038 (0.129) | − 0.005 (0.141) |
| Row planting | 0.002 (0.008) | − 0.002 (0.009) | 0.006 (0.013) | 0.005 (0.009) | 0.016 (0.091) | − 0.034 (0.131) | 0.052 (0.118) | 0.094 (0.091) |
| Production shocks | ||||||||
| Pest | 0.044 (0.030) | 0.023 (0.031) | 0.034 (0.039) | 0.069* (0.041) | 0.088** (0.039) | − 0.003 (0.044) | 0.043 (0.051) | 0.154** (0.057) |
| Disease | 0.001 (0.004) | 0.002 (0.006) | − 0.002 (0.008) | − 0.003 (0.011) | − 0.000 (0.110) | − 0.018 (0.168) | − 0.111 (0.167) | − 0.169 (0.130) |
| Drought | 0.003 (0.010) | 0.026 (0.032) | − 0.008 (0.012) | − 0.010 (0.015) | − 0.160 (0.307) | − 0.337 (0.426) | 0.085 (0.211) | 0.320 (0.307) |