The entanglement of sexed bodies and pharmaceuticals: A feminist analysis of early onset puberty and puberty-blocking medications
- 111 Downloads
- 4 Citations
Abstract
International epidemiological evidence demonstrates that more children than ever before now enter puberty before the age of 8. Early onset puberty can be an alarming experience for parents and is thought to entail short- and long-term physical and psychosocial risks, particularly for girls. ‘Puberty blocking’ hormonal medications are sometimes used to halt the progress of puberty in order to avoid these dangers. This article analyses medical and pharmaceutical discourses describing these medications, exploring how they articulate sex/gender, sexuality, age and health. Engaging with sociological literatures on pharmaceuticalisation and queer and feminist work on atypical sexual development and trans, I argue that prescribing puberty blockers should not be seen as a straightforward ‘solution’ to early sexual development. Learning from Elizabeth A. Wilson’s (2011) engagement with Karen Barad’s reconceptualising of bodies, I suggest how we might take account of the psychological and physical worldliness of early developing children when evaluating puberty blockers.
Keywords
puberty girls pharmaceuticals puberty blockers sex hormones sexual developmentReferences
- Barad, K.M. (2007) Meeting the Universe Halfway: Quantum Physics and the Entanglement of Matter and Meaning. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Bell, S.E. (2009) DES Daughters, Embodied Knowledge, and the Transformation of Women’s Health Politics in the Late Twentieth Century. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
- Braithwaite, J. (1984) Corporate Crime in the Pharmaceutical Industry. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
- Carel, J.-C. et al. (2002) Treatment of central precocious puberty by subcutaneous injections of leuprorelin 3-month depot (11.25 mg). Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 87 (9): 4111–4116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Clarke, A., Mamo, L., Fosket, J., Fishman, J.R. and Shim, J.K. (2010) Biomedicalization: Technoscience, Health, and Illness in the U.S. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
- Cohen-Kettenis, P.T. (2011) Response to ‘the discursive and clinical production of trans youth: Gender variant youth who seek puberty suppression’ by Katrina Roen, Psychology & Sexuality, 2(1): 58–68, January 2011. Psychology and Sexuality 2 (3): 259–260.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Di Ceghe, D., Sturge, S. and Sutton, A. (1988) Gender Identity Disorders in Children and Adolescents: Guidance for Management (Council Report No. CR63). Royal College of Psychiatrists, London.Google Scholar
- Dumit, J. (2012) Drugs for Life: How Pharmaceutical Companies Define Our Health. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Fry, V. and Stanhope, R. (2004) Premature Sexual Maturation (Including precocious puberty). Series No. 4. London: The Child Growth Foundation.Google Scholar
- Fraser, S., Valentine, K. and Roberts, C. (2009) Living drugs. Science as Culture 18 (2): 123–131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Grossman, A.H., D’augelli, A.R. and Frank, J.A. (2011) Aspects of psychological resilience among transgender youth. Journal of LGBT Youth 8 (2): 103–115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Haraway, D.J. (1997) Modest – Witness@ Second – Millennium. FemaleMan – Meets – OncoMouse: Feminism and Technoscience. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
- Harris, A. (2004) Future Girl: Young Women in the Twenty-first Century. New York and London: Routledge.Google Scholar
- Healy, D. (2004) Shaping the intimate: Influences on the experience of everyday nerves. Social Studies of Science 34 (2): 219–245.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Hembree, W.C. et al. (2009) Endocrine treatment of transsexual persons: An endocrine society clinical practice guideline. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 94 (9): 3132–3154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Hirsch, H.J. et al. (2005) The histrelin implant: A novel treatment for central precocious puberty. Pediatrics 116 (6): e798–e802.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Holmes, M. (ed.) (2009) Critical Intersex. Farnham and Burlington: Ashgate.Google Scholar
- Kaplowitz, P. (2004) Early Puberty in Girls: The Essential Guide to Coping with this Common Problem, 1st edn. New York: Ballantine Books.Google Scholar
- Kaplowitz, P.B., and Oberfield, S.E. and the Drug Society, Therapeutics, and Executive Committees of the Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine. (1999) Reexamination of the age limit for defining when puberty is precocious in girls in the United States: Implications for evaluation and treatment. Pediatrics 104 (4): 936–941.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Karkazis, K.A. (2008) Fixing Sex: Intersex, Medical Authority, and Lived Experience. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Kelty, C. and Landecker, H. (2009) Ten thousand journal articles later: Ethnography of ‘the literature’ in science. Empiria: Revista de metodología de ciencias sociales (18): 173–192.Google Scholar
- Kreukels, B.P. and Cohen-Kettenis, P.T. (2011) Puberty suppression in gender identity disorder: The Amsterdam experience. Nature Reviews Endocrinology 7 (8): 466–472.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Lesko, N. (2012) Act Your Age! A Cultural Construction of Adolescence. New York and London: Routledge.Google Scholar
- Mol, A. (2002) The Body Multiple: Ontology in Medical Practice. Durham: Duke University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Mintzes, B. et al. (2002) Influence of direct to consumer pharmaceutical advertising and patients’ requests on prescribing decisions: Two site cross sectional survey. British Medical Journal 324 (7332): 278–279.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Newbold, R.R. (2004) Lessons learned from perinatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 199 (2): 142–150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- O’Sullivan, E. and O’Sullivan, M. (2002) Precocious puberty: A parent’s perspective. Archives of Disease in Childhood 86: 320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Pinto, K. (2007) Growing up young. The Journal of Early Adolescence 27 (4): 509–544.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Raun, T. (2012) DIY therapy: Exploring affective aspects of trans video blogs on YouTube. In: A. Kuntsman and A. Karatzogianni (eds.) Digital Cultures and the Politics of Emotion: Feelings, Affect and Technological Change. Houndsmills, Baskinstoke, Hampshire and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 165–180.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Roberts, C. (2003a) Sex, race and ‘unnatural’ difference: Tracking the chiastic logic of menopause-related discourses. European Journal of Women’s Studies 11 (1): 27–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Roberts, C. (2003b) Drowning in a sea of estrogens: Sex hormones, sexual reproduction and sex. Sexualities 6 (2): 195–213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Roberts, C. (2006) ‘What can I do to help myself?’ Somatic individuality and contemporary hormonal bodies. Science Studies 19 (2): 54–76.Google Scholar
- Roberts, C. (2007) Messengers of Sex: Hormones, Biomedicine, and Feminism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Roberts, C. (2013) Early puberty, ‘sexualisation’ and feminism. European Journal of Women’s Studies 20 (2): 138–154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Roen, K. (2009) Clinical intervention and embodied subjectivity: Atypically sexd children and their parents. In: M. Holmes (ed.) Critical Intersex. Farnham and Burlington: Ashgate, pp. 15–40.Google Scholar
- Roen, K. (2011) Reply to Peggy Cohen-Kettenis. Psychology and Sexuality 2 (3): 261–262.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Rogers (2007) The girls who started going through puberty at THREE. Mail Online. www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-508020/The-girls-started-going-puberty-THREE.html, accessed 4 January 2014.
- Seaman, B. (2009) The Greatest Experiment Ever Performed on Women: Exploding the Estrogen Myth. 2nd edn. New York: Seven Stories Press.Google Scholar
- Smiley, L. (2007) Girl/boy interrupted. SF Weekly (July). www.sfweekly.com/2007-07-11/news/girl-boy-interrupted/, accessed 4 January 2014.
- Spurgas, A.K. (2009) (Un)Queering identity: The biosocial production of intersex/DSD. In: M. Holmes (ed.) Critical Intersex. Farnham and Burlington: Ashgate, pp. 97–122.Google Scholar
- Spurgeon, D. (1999) Doctors feel pressurised by direct to consumer advertising. British Medical Journal 319 (7221): 1321.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Tuvemo, T., Gustafsson, J. and Proos, L.A. (2002) Suppression of puberty in girls with short-acting intranasal versus subcutaneous depot GnRH agonist. Hormone Research 57 (1–2): 27–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Weil, E. (2012) Puberty before age 10: A new ‘normal?’ The New York Times (March). www.nytimes.com/2012/04/01/magazine/puberty-before-age-10-a-new-normal.html.
- Williams, S.J., Gabe, J. and Davis, P. (2008) The sociology of pharmaceuticals: Progress and prospects. Sociology of Health & Illness 30 (6): 813–824.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Wilson, E.A. (2011) Neurological entanglements: The case of paediatric depressions, SSRIs and suicidal ideation. Subjectivity 4 (3): 277–297.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- World Professional Association for Trans Health (2001) Standards of Care for the Health of Transsexual, Transgender, and Gender – Nonconforming People (No. 6th Version). Minneapolis: World Professional Association for Trans Health.Google Scholar
- World Professional Association for Trans Health (2012) Standards of Care for the Health of Transsexual, Transgender, and Gender-Nonconforming People (No. 7th Version). Minneapolis: World Professional Association for Trans Health.Google Scholar
- Writing Group for the Women’s Health Initiative (2002) Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: Principal results from the women’s health initiative randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association 288 (3): 321–333.Google Scholar
- Zola, I.K. (1972) Medicine as an institution of social control. Sociological Review 20 (4): 487–504.CrossRefGoogle Scholar