Abstract
Jakarta is the capital city of Indonesia with a population of about 10 million people, inhabiting an area of about 25 × 25 km. It has been reported for sometime that locations in Jakarta are subsiding at different rates. Up to the present, there has been no comprehensive information about the characteristics and pattern of land subsidence in the Jakarta area. Usually land subsidence in Jakarta is measured using extensometers and ground water level observations, or estimated using geological and hydrological parameters. To give a better picture about land subsidence, geodetic-based monitoring systems utilizing leveling and GPS surveys have also been implemented.
The land subsidence characteristics of Jakarta and its surrounding area areinvestigated using data from three repeated leveling surveys performed in1982, 1991, and 1997, and two repeated GPS surveys conducted in 1997and 1999. Leveling surveys detected subsidence up to about 80 cm duringthe period of 1982–1991, and up to about 160 cm during the 1991–1997period; while GPS surveys observed subsidence up to about 20 cm duringthe period of 1997–1999. Comparison with the hydrological data shows thatland subsidence in Jakarta is strongly related to excessive groundwater extraction.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abidin, H. Z., Kusuma, M. A., Meilano, I., Arief Nurdin, M., Darmawan, Dudi, Bintoro, Agus, and Kahar, J.: 1998, Pemantauan penurunan tanah di wilayah Jakarta dengan metode survei GPS. S&P, Majalah Survey dan Pemetaan, Majalah Ikatan Surveyor Indonesia, ISSN: 0125-9466, XII(3), 45–56.
Caspary, W. F.: 1987, Concepts of Network and Deformation Analysis, Monograph 11, School of Surveying, The University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia, 183 pp.
DEG (Directorate of Environmental Geology): 1999, Homepage of DEG. Website address: http://www.dgtl.dpe.go.id, March.
Gornitz, V.: 1995, Sea-level rise: A review of recent past and near-future trends, Earth Surf. Proc. Landforms 20, 7–20.
Hadipurwo, S.: 1999, Groundwater, in COASTPLAN JAKARTA BAY PROJECT, Coastal Environmental Geology of the Jakarta Reclamation Project and Adjacent Areas, CCOP COASTPLAN Case Study Report No. 2, Jakarta/Bangkok, pp. 39–49.
Hofmann-Wellenhof, B., Lichtenegger, H., and Collins, J.: 1994, Global Positioning System, Theory and Practice, Third Revised Edition, Springer Verlag, Wien.
Liu, Q. W. and Chen, Y. Q.: 1998, Combining the geodetic models of vertical crustal deformation, Journal of Geodesy 72(12), 673–683.
Massonnet, D. and Feigl, K. L.: 1998, Radar interferometry and its application to changes in the Earth's surface, Reviews of Geophysics 36(4), 441–500.
Murdohardono,D. and Tirtomihardjo, H.: 1993, Penurunan tananh di Jakarta dan rencana pemantauannya, Proceedings of the 22nd Annual Convention of the Indonesian Association of Geologists, Bandung, 6-9 December, pp. 346–354.
Murdohardono, D. and Sudarsono, U.: 1998, Land subsidence monitoring system in Jakarta, Proceedings of Symposium on Japan-Indonesia IDNDR Project: Volcanology, Tectonics, Flood and Sediment Hazards, Bandung, 21-23 September, pp. 243–256.
Purnomo, H., Murdohardono, D., and Pindratno, H.: 1999, Land Subsidence Study in Jakarta, Proceedings of Indonesian Association of Geologists, Volume IV: Development in Engineering, Environment, and Numerical Geology, Jakarta, 30 Nov.-1 Dec., pp. 53–72.
Rajiyowiryono, H.: 1999, Groundwater and land subsidence monitoring along the north coastal plain of Java island, CCOP Newsletter 24(3), 19 pp., July-September.
Rimbaman and Suparan, P.: 1999, Geomorphology, in COASTPLAN JAKARTA BAY PROJECT, Coastal Environmental Geology of the Jakarta Reclamation Project and Adjacent Areas, CCOP COASTPLAN Case Study Report No. 2, Jakarta/Bangkok, pp. 21–25.
Rismianto, D. and Mak, W.: 1993, Environmental aspects of groundwater extraction in DKI Jakarta: Changing views, Proceedings of the 22nd Annual Convention of the Indonesian Association of Geologists, Bandung, 6-9 December, pp. 327–345.
Rothacher. M. and Mervart, L. (eds): 1996, Bernesse GPS Software version 4.0, Astronomical Institute, University of Berne, September. 418 pp.
Soekardi, P., Djaeni, A., Soefner, H., Hobler, M., and Schmidt, G.: 1986, Geological aspect of the aquifer system and the groundwater situation of the Jakarta Artesian Basin. Paper presented at Seminar on Geological Mapping in the Urban Development, Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok, 29 October.
Soetrisno, S., Satrio, H., and Haryadi, T.: 1997, To anticipate impacts of reclamation of Jakarta Bay, a groundwater conservation's perspective. Paper presented at Workshop on Coastal and Nearshore Geological/Oceanographical Assessment of Jakarta Bay: A Basis for Coastal Zone Management and Development, Jakarta, 25-28 June.
Sudibyo, Y.: 1999, Perkembangan Airtanah Terpantau di Jabotabek, Buletin geologi Tata Lingkungan 11(2), 70–87.
Wells, D. E., Beck, N., Delikaraoglou, D., Kleusberg, A., Krakiwsky, E. J., Lachapelle, G., Langley, R. B., Nakiboglu, M., Schwarz, K. P., Tranquilla, J. M., Vanicek, P.: 1986, Guide to GPS Positioning, Canadian GPS Associates, Fredericton, N.B., Canada.
Wolf, Paul R. and Ghilani, C. D.: 1997, Adjustment Computations, Statistics and Least Squares in Surveying and GIS, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 564 pp.
Yong, R. N., Turcott, E., and Maathuis, H.: 1995, Groundwater extraction-induced land subsidence prediction: Bangkok and Jakarta case studies, Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on Land Subsidence, IAHS Publication no. 234, October, pp. 89–97.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Abidin, H.Z., Djaja, R., Darmawan, D. et al. Land Subsidence of Jakarta (Indonesia) and its Geodetic Monitoring System. Natural Hazards 23, 365–387 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011144602064
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011144602064