Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Survey of Spatio-Temporal Databases

  • Published:
GeoInformatica Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Spatio-temporal databases aim to support extensions to existing models of Spatial Information Systems (SIS) to include time in order to better describe our dynamic environment. Although interest into this area has increased in the past decade, a number of important issues remain to be investigated. With the advances made in temporal database research, we can expect a more unified approach towards aspatial temporal data in SIS and a wider discussion on spatio-temporal data models. This paper provides an overview of previous achievements within the field and highlights areas currently receiving or requiring further investigation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. D.J. Abel. “What's Special about Spatial?,” Proc. of the 7th Australian Database Conference, Melbourne, Australia, 72–81, 1996.

  2. T. Abraham and J.F. Roddick. “Discovering Meta-Rules in Mining Temporal and Spatio-Temporal Data,” Proc. of the 8th International Database Workshop, Hong Kong, 1997.

  3. T. Abraham and J.F. Roddick. “Opportunities for Knowledge Discovery in Spatio-Temporal Information Systems,” Australian Journal of Information Systems, Vol. 5:3–12, AJIS Publishing, 1998.

  4. J.F. Allen. “Maintaining Knowledge about Temporal Intervals,” Communications of the ACM, Vol. 26:832–843, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  5. E. Allen, G. Edwards, and Y. Bédard. “Qualitative Causal Modeling in Temporal GIS,” In Frank, A.U. and Kuhn, W., editors, Spatial Information Theory: A Theoretical Basis for GIS, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 988, Springer-Verlag, 1995.

  6. K.K. Al-Taha and R. Barrera. “Temporal Data and GIS: An Overview,” Proc. of GIS/LIS 90, Anaheim, California, 1990.

  7. C. Armenakis. “Estimation and Organization of Spatio-Temporal Data,” Proc. of the Canadian Conference on GIS 92, Ottawa, Canada, 1992.

  8. M.P. Armstrong. “Temporality in Spatial Databases,” Proc. of GIS/LIS 88, San Antonio, Texas, 1988.

  9. V. Asproth and A. Haakansson. A Concept Formation and Function Specification for Streams. Stockholm University, Sweden, 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  10. V. Asproth, A. Haakansson and P. Révay. “Dynamic Information in GIS Systems,” Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, Vol. 19:107–115, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  11. R. Barrera, A. Frank, and K. Al-Taha. “Temporal Relations in Geographic Information Systems: A Workshop at the University of Maine,” SIGMOD Record, Vol. 20:85–91, 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  12. U. Basoglu and J.L. Morrison. “An Efficient Hierarchical Data Structure for the U.S. Historical County Boundary Data File,” Harvard Papers on GIS, Vol. 4:1–21, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  13. A. Beller. “Spatial/Temporal Events in a GIS,” Proc. of GIS/LIS 91, Atlanta, Georgia, 1991.

  14. A. Beller, T. Giblin, K.V. Le, S. Litz, T. Kittel, and D. Schimel. “A Temporal GIS Prototype for Global Change Research,” Proc. of GIS/LIS 91, Atlanta, Georgia, 1991.

  15. J.L. Bentley. “Algorithms for Klee's Rectangle Problems,” Computer Science Department, Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  16. F. Bonfatti and P.D. Monari. “Spatio-Temporal Modeling of Complex Geographical Structures,” Computer Support for Environmental Impact Assessment: Proceedings of the IFIP TC5/WG5.11 Working Conference on Computer Support for Environmental Assessment, CSEIA 93, Como, Italy, Elsevier, 1994.

  17. W.M. Brown, M. Astley, T. Baker, and H. Mitasova. “GRASS as an Integrated GIS and Visualization System for Spatio-Temporal Modeling,” ACSM/ASPRS Annual Convention and Exposition Technical Papers, 1995.

  18. W. Cellary, G. Vossen, and G. Jomier. “Multiversion Object Constellations: A New Approach to Support a Designer's Database Work,” Engineering with Computers, Vol. 10:230–244, 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  19. N.R. Chrisman. “Beyond Spatio-Temporal Data Models: A Model of GIS as a Technology Embedded in Historical Context,” Proc. of Auto-Carto 11, Minneapolis, 1993.

  20. F. Coenen, B. Beattie, B. Diaz, T. Bench-Capon, and M. Shave. “A Temporal Calculus for GIS using Tesseral Addressing,” Research & Development in Expert Systems, Proc. of Expert Systems 94, Cambridge, England, British Computer Society Press, 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  21. B.E. Davis and R. Williams. “The Five Dimensions of GIS,” Proc. of GIS/LIS 89, Orlando, Florida, 1989.

  22. S. Dutta. “Topological Constraints: A Representational Framework for Approximate Spatial and Temporal Reasoning,” In Gunther, O. and Schek, H.-J., editors, Advances in Spatial Databases, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 525, Springer-Verlag, 1991.

  23. M. Easterfield, R.G. Newell, and D. Theriault. “Modeling Spatial and Temporal Information,” Proc. of EGIS 91, 1991.

  24. M.J. Egenhofer and R.D. Franzosa. “Point-set Topological Spatial Relations,” Int. Journal of Geographical Information Systems, Vol. 5:161–174, 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  25. M.J. Egenhofer and K.K. Al-Taha. “Reasoning about Gradual Changes of Topological Relationships,” In Frank, A., editor, Theories and Methods of Spatio-Temporal Reasoning in Geographic Space, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 639, Springer Verlag, 1992.

  26. M.J. Egenhofer and R.J. Golledge. “Time in Geographic Space: Report on the Specialist Meeting of Research Initiative 10,” NCGIA Technical Papers Series 94–9, The National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis, 1994.

  27. M.J. Egenhofer and R.J. Golledge. Spatial and Temporal Reasoning in Geographic Information Systems, Oxford University Press, New York, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  28. U.M. Fayyad, G. Piatetsky-Shapiro, P. Smyth, and R. Uthurusamy. Advances in Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, AAAI Press/MIT Press, Menlo Park, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  29. A.U. Frank. “Qualitative Spatial Reasoning about Distances and Directions in Geographic Space,” Journal of Visual Languages and Computing, Vol. 3:343–371, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  30. A. Frank, editor. Theories and Methods of Spatio-Temporal Reasoning in Geographic Space, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 639, Springer Verlag, 1992.

  31. A.U. Frank. “Qualitative Temporal Reasoning in GIS — Ordered Time Scales,” In Waugh, T.C. and Healy, R.G., editors, Advances in GIS Research, Proceedings of the 6th Int. Symp. on Spatial Data Handling, Taylor & Francis, 1994.

  32. C. Freksa. “Temporal Reasoning based on Semi-Intervals,” Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 54:199–227, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  33. D. Gabbay and P. McBrien. “Temporal Logic & Historical Databases,” Proc. of the 17th International Conference on Very Large Databases, Barcelona, Spain, 1991.

  34. O. Guenther and A. Buchmann. “Research Issues in Spatial Databases,” SIGMOD Record, Vol. 19:61–68, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  35. H.W. Guesgen. “Spatial Reasoning Based on Allen's Temporal Logic,” Technical Report TR–89–049, International Computer Science Institute, Berkeley, California, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  36. R.H. Güting. “An Introduction to Spatial Database Systems,” VLDB Journal, Vol. 3:357–399, 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  37. A. Guttman. “R-Trees: A Dynamic Index Structure for Spatial Searching,” Proc. of ACM SIGMOD Int. Conf. on Management of Data, Boston, Massachusetts, 1984.

  38. N.I. Hachem, M.A. Gennert, and M.O. Ward. “A DBMS Architecture for Global Change Research,” Proc. of ISY Conf. on Earth and Space Science, Pasadena, California, 1992.

  39. J.N. Halls, D.J. Cowen, and J.R. Jensen. “Predictive Spatio-Temporal Modeling in GIS,” In Waugh, T.C. and Healy, R.G., editors, Advances in GIS Research, Proceedings of the 6th Int. Symp. on Spatial Data Handling, Taylor & Francis, 1994.

  40. J. Han. “Data Mining Techniques,” Proc. ACM-SIGMOD 96 Conference, 1996.

  41. N.W.J. Hazelton. “Beyond the 2-D Map: A New Metaphor for Multi-Temporal 4-D GIS,” Proc. of GIS/LIS 92, San Jose, California, 1992.

  42. N.W.J. Hazelton, L.M. Bennett, and J. Masel. “Topological Structures for 4-Dimensional Geographic Information Systems,” Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, Vol. 16:227–237, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  43. M.J. Herbert and D.B. Kidner. “Spatial and Temporal Visualization of Three-Dimensional Surfaces for Environmental Management,” Proc. of Auto-Carto 11, Minneapolis, 1993.

  44. L.H. Hermosilla. “A Unified Approach for Developing a Temporal GIS with Database and Reasoning Capabilities,” Proc. of EGIS 94, The 5th European Conference and Exhibition on Geographical Information Systems, Paris, France, 1994.

  45. S.C. Holmberg. “DML, a Map Language for Dynamics,” Proc. of EGIS 94, The 5th European Conference and Exhibition on Geographical Information Systems, Paris, France, 1994.

  46. G.J. Hunter. “Non-current Data and Geographical Information Systems A Case for Data Retention,” Int. Journal of Geographical Information Systems, Vol. 2:281–286, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  47. G.J. Hunter and I.P. Williamson. “The Development of a Historical Digital Cadastral Database,” Int. Journal of Geographical Information Systems, Vol. 4:169–179, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  48. F. Joerin and C. Claramunt. “Integrating the Time Component in a GIS: An Application to Assess Flooding Impacts on Agriculture,” Proc. of EGIS 94, The 5th European Conference and Exhibition on Geographical Information Systems, Paris, France, 1994.

  49. W. Kainz. “Spatial Relationships — Topology versus Order,” Proc. of Fourth Int. Symp. on Spatial Data Handling, Zürich, 1990.

  50. Z. Kemp and A. Kowalczyk. “Incorporating the Temporal Dimension in a GIS,” In Worboys, M.F., editor, Innovations in GIS, Taylor & Francis, 1994.

  51. Z. Kemp and J. Groom. “Incorporating Generic Temporal Capabilities in a Geographical Information System,” Proc. of EGIS 94, The 5th European Conference and Exhibition on Geographical Information Systems, Paris, France, 1994.

  52. I.J. Koeppel and S.D. Ahlmer. “Integrating the Dimension of Time into AM/FM Systems,” Proc. of AM/FM XVI Int. Annual Conference, Aurora, Colorado, 1993.

  53. C.P. Kolovson and M. Stonebraker. “Segment Indexes: Dynamic Indexing Techniques for Multi-Dimensional Interval Data,” Proc. of ACM-SIGMOD 1991, 1991.

  54. C.P. Kolovson. “Indexing Techniques for Historical Databases,” In Tansel et al., editors, Temporal Databases — Theory, Design, and Implementation, Benjamin/Cummings, 1993.

  55. K. Koperski, J. Adhikary, and J. Han. “Spatial Data Mining: Progress and Challenges Survey Paper,” Proc. 1996 SIGMOD Workshop on Research Issues on Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, Montreal, Canada, 1996.

  56. A. Koussoulakou and M.J. Kraak. “Spatio-Temporal Maps and Cartographic Communication,” The Cartographic Journal, Vol. 29:101–108, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  57. M.J. Kraak and A.M. MacEachren. “Visualization of the Temporal Component of Spatial Data,” Advances in GIS Research, Proc. of the 6th Int. Symp. on Spatial Data Handling, Taylor & Francis, 1994.

  58. G. Langran. “Temporal GIS Design Tradeoffs,” Proceedings of GIS/LIS 88, San Antonio, Texas, 1988.

  59. G. Langran and N.R. Chrisman. “A Framework for Temporal Geographic Information,” Cartographica, Vol. 25:1–14, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  60. G. Langran. “Temporal GIS Design Tradeoffs,” Journal of the Urban and Regional Information Systems Association, Vol. 2:16–25, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  61. G. Langran. “States, Events, and Evidence: The Principle Entities of a Temporal GIS,” Proc. of GIS/LIS 92, San Jose, California, 1992.

  62. G. Langran. Time in Geographic Information Systems. Taylor & Francis, 1992.

  63. G. Langran. “Manipulation and Analysis of Temporal Geographic Information,” Proc. of the Canadian Conference on GIS 93, Ottawa, Canada, 1993.

  64. G. Langram. “Analyzing and Generalizing Temporal Geographic Information,” Proc. of GIS/LIS 93, Minneapolis, Minnesota, November 1993.

  65. D.M. Mark, M.J. Egenhofer, and A.R.M. Shariff. “Toward a Standard for Spatial Relations in SDTS and Geographic Information Systems,” Proc. of GIS/LIS 95, Nashville, Tennessee, 1995.

  66. C.B. Medeiros and F. Pires. “Databases for GIS,” SIGMOD Record, Vol. 23:107–115, 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  67. C.B. Medeiros and G. Jomier. “Using Versions in GIS,” Proc. of DEXA 94, 1994.

  68. H. Mitasova, L. Mitas, W.M. Brown, D.P. Gerdes, I. Kosinovsky, and T. Baker. “Modeling Spatially and Temporally Distributed Phenomena: New Methods and Tools for GRASS GIS,” Int. Journal of Geographical Information Systems, Vol. 9:433–446, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  69. M. Monmonier. “Strategies for the Visualization of Geographic Time-Series Data,” Cartographica, Vol. 27:30–45, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  70. P.C. Muehrcke. Map Use, JP Publications, 1978.

  71. R. Muntz, E. Shek, and C. Zaniolo. “Using LDL + + for Spatio-Temporal Reasoning in Atmospheric Science Databases,” In Ramakrishnan, R., editor, Applications of Logic Databases, Kluwer Academic, 1995.

  72. J. Paredaens. “Spatial Databases, The Final Frontier,” In Gottlob, G., and Vardi, M.Y., editors, Database Theory, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 893, Springer-Verlag, 1995.

  73. D.J. Peuquet and E. Wentz. “An Approach for Time-Based Analysis of Spatiotemporal Data,” In Waugh, T.C. and Healy, R.G., editors, Advances in GIS Research, Proceedings of the 6th Int. Symp. on Spatial Data Handling, Taylor & Francis, 1994.

  74. D.J. Peuquet and N. Duan. “An Event-Based Spatiotemporal Data Model (ESTDM) for Temporal Analysis of Geographical Data,” Int. Journal of Geographical Information Systems, Vol. 9:7–24, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  75. G. Piatetsky-Shapiro and W.J. Frawley. Knowledge Discovery in Databases, AAAI Press/MIT Press, Menlo Park, 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  76. S. Price. “Modeling the Temporal Element in Land Information Systems,” Int. Journal of Geographical Information Systems, Vol. 3:233–243, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  77. H.M. Rafaat, Q. Xiao and D.A. Gauthier. “An Extended Relational Database for Remotely Sensed Image Data Management within GIS,” IEEE Trans. on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Vol. 29:651–655, 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  78. H.M. Rafaat, Z. Yang, and D. Gauthier. “Relational Spatial Topologies for Historical Geographical Information,” Int. Journal of Geographical Information Systems, Vol. 8:163–173, 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  79. C.P. Rainsford and J.F. Roddick. “A Survey of Issues in Data Mining,” Technical Report CIS–96–006, University of South Australia, 1996.

  80. B. Ramachandran, F. MacLeod, and S. Dowers. “Modeling Temporal Changes in a GIS Using an Object-Oriented Approach,” In Waugh, T.C. and Healy, R.G., editors, Advances in GIS Research, Proceedings of the 6th Int. Symp. on Spatial Data Handling, Taylor & Francis, 1994.

  81. J. Raper. “Making GIS Multidimensional,” Proceedings of the Joint European Conf. and Exhib. on Geographical Inf. (JEG-CI 95), The Hague, 1995.

  82. J.F. Roddick and J.D. Patrick. “Temporal Semantics in Information Systems — A Survey,” Information Systems, Vol. 17:249–267, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  83. E. Rojas-Vega and Z. Kemp. “An Object-Oriented Data Model for Spatio-Temporal Data,” Proc. of the Ninth Annual Symposium on Geographic Information Systems, Vancouver, Canada, 1995.

  84. C. Rolland, O. Foucaut, and G. Benci. “Conception des Systèmes d'Information-La Méthode REMORA,” Eyrolles, Paris, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  85. A.A. Roshannejad and W. Kainz. “Handling Identities in Spatio-Temporal Databases,” Proc. of ACSM/ASPRS 1995 Annual Convention and Exposition Tech. Papers, 1995.

  86. R. Sadeghi, W.B. Samson, and S.M. Deen. “HQL — A Historical Query Language,” Proc. of the Sixth British National Conference on Databases (BNCOD 6), Cardiff, Wales, 1988.

  87. B. Salzberg. “On Indexing Spatial and Temporal Data,” Inf. Systems, Vol. 19:447–465, 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  88. B. Salzberg and V.J. Tsotras. “A Comparison of Access Methods for Time Evolving Data,” Technical Report NU-CCS–94–21, Northeastern University, 1994.

  89. H. Samet. The Design and Analysis of Spatial Data Structures. Addison-Wesley, 1990.

  90. N. Sarnak and R.E. Tarjan. “Planar Point Location Using Persistent Search Trees,” Communications of the ACM, Vol. 29:669–679, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  91. A. Segev, C. Jensen, and R.T. Snodgrass. “Report on the 1995 International Workshop on Temporal Databases,” SIGMOD Record, Vol. 24:46–52, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  92. D.F. Sinton. “The Inherent Structure of Information as a Constraint to Analysis: Mapped Thematic Data as a Case Study,” Harvard Papers on GIS, Vol. 7:1–17, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  93. T.A. Slocum, J.C. Davis, and S.L. Egbert. “Developing Software for Exploring Temporal Spatial Data,” Proceedings of GIS/LIS 93, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 1993.

  94. R.T. Snodgrass. “Temporal Databases,” In Frank, A., editor, Theories and Methods of Spatio-Temporal Reasoning in Geographic Space, Springer Verlag, 1992.

  95. R.T. Snodgrass, editor. The TSQL2 Temporal Query Language. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1995.

  96. P.A. Story and M.F. Worboys. “A Design Support Environment for Spatio-Temporal Database Applications,” Spatial Information Theory: A Theoretical Basis for GIS, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 988, Springer-Verlag, 1995.

  97. A.U. Tansel. et al. Temporal Databases: Theory, Design and Implementation, Benjamin Cummings, 1993.

  98. T. Teraoka, M. Maruyama, Y. Nakamura, and S. Nishida. “The MP-tree: A Data Structure for Spatio-Temporal Data,” Proc. 1995 IEEE 14th Ann. Int. Phoenix Conference on Computers and Communications, Scottsdale, Arizona, 1995.

  99. C. Trepied. “Dynamic Icons for a Visual Spatio-Temporal Query Language,” Proc. of the Joint European Conf. and Exhib. on Geographical Inf. (JEG-CI 95), The Hague, 1995.

  100. D.F. Tucker, R.L. Whitman, and H.A. Devine. “Spatial and Temporal Dimensions of Water Quality at Indiana Dunes National Reserve,” Proc. of GIS/LIS 90, Anaheim, California, 1990.

  101. J. Turkstra. “Spatial-Temporal Urban Land Value Studies Using GIS,” Proc. of the Joint European Conf. and Exhib. on Geographical Inf. (JEG-CI 95), The Hague, 1995.

  102. R. Vrana. “Historical Data as an Explicit Component of Land Information Systems,” Int. Journal of Geographical Information Systems, Vol. 3:33–49, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  103. M. Wachowicz and R.G. Healey. “Towards Temporality in GIS,” In Worboys, M.F., editor, Innovations in GIS, Taylor & Francis, 1994.

  104. M.O. Ward and J. Zheng. “Visualization of Spatio-Temporal Data Quality,” Proc. of GIS/LIS 93, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 1993.

  105. P.A. Whigham. “Hierarchies of Space and Time,” Spatial Information Theory: A Theoretical Basis for GIS, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 716, Springer-Verlag, 1993.

  106. S. Winter. “Uncertainty of Topological Relations in GIS,” Proc. of the SPIE — The International Society for Optical Engineering, Vol. 2357:924–930, 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  107. M.F. Worboys. “Object-Oriented Models of Spatiotemporal Information,” Proc. of GIS/LIS 92, San Jose, California, 1992.

  108. M.F. Worboys. “A Unified Model for Spatial and Temporal Information,” The Computer Journal, Vol. 37:26–34, 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  109. M.F. Worboys. “Unifying the Spatial and Temporal Components of Geographical Information,” In Waugh, T.C. and Healy, R.G., editors, Advances in GIS Research, Proc. of the 6th Int. Symp. on Spatial Data Handling, Taylor & Francis, 1994.

  110. M.F. Worboys. GIS: A Computing Perspective, Taylor & Francis, 1995.

  111. X. Xu, J. Han and W. Lu. “RT-Tree: An Improved R-Tree Index Structure for Spatiotemporal Databases,” Proc. of the 4th Int. Symp. on Spatial Data Handling, 1990.

  112. P.M. Yates and L.W. Crissman. “The SIIASA Spatio-Temporal Database Design,” Proc. of the Institute of Australian Geographics Annual Conference, Magnetic Island, Queensland, 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  113. T.S. Yeh and Y.H. Viémont. “Temporal Aspects of Geographical Databases,” Proc. of EGIS 92, Munich, Germany, EGIS Foundation, 1992.

  114. T.-S. Yeh. “A Model for the Management of Highly Variable Spatio-Temporal Data,” Proc. of the Joint European Conf. and Exhib. on Geographical Inf. (JEG-CI 95), The Hague, 1995.

  115. T.-S. Yeh and B. de Cambray. “Modeling Highly Variable Spatio-Temporal Data,” Australian Computer Science Communications, Vol. 17:221–230, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  116. M. Yuan. “Temporal GIS and Spatio-Temporal Modeling,” to be published on CD-ROM by the National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis, 1996.

  117. M. Yuan. “Incorporating Human Conceptualizations into GIS Representation to Support Spatiotemporal Queries,” personal communication, 1996.

  118. M. Yuan. “Modeling Semantic, Spatial, and temporal Information in a GIS,” In Craglia, M. and Couleclis, H., editors, Progress in Trans-Atlantic Geographic Information Research, Taylor & Francis, 1997.

  119. C. Zaniolo. “Intelligent Databases: Old Challenges and New Opportunities,” Journal of Intelligent Information Systems, Vol. 1, Kluwer Academic, 1992.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Advanced Computing Research Centre, School of Computer and Information Science, University of South Australia, The Levels Campus, Mawson Lakes, SA, 5095, Australia

    Tamas Abraham & John F. Roddick

Authors
  1. Tamas Abraham
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. John F. Roddick
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Abraham, T., Roddick, J.F. Survey of Spatio-Temporal Databases. GeoInformatica 3, 61–99 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009800916313

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009800916313

Search

Navigation