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First upper molar and mandible shape of wood mice (Apodemus sylvaticus) from northern Germany: ageing, habitat and insularity

Die Form von erstem oberen Molar und Unterkiefer der Waldmaus (Apodemus sylvaticus) in Norddeutschland: Alter, Habitat und Inseleffekt

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Abstract

The patterns of shape variation of the first upper molar and mandible have been investigated within and among wood mice (Apodemus sylvaticus) populations from northern Germany. Some factors such as sex and age of the animals could be a source of within-group morphological variability interfering with among-groups patterns of differentiation. The relative importance of both sources of shape variation was investigated, in order to evaluate the robustness of patterns of fine-scale geographic differentiation. The increasing age of the animals, estimated by wear stages of the upper tooth row, caused significant variations in size and shape of the molars due to progressive abrasion of the cusps. It also involved shape changes of the mandible due to bone remodelling. However, these intrapopulational effects are of limited importance compared to geographic differentiation. Gene flow among populations should be favoured across mainland populations but lowered between mainland and islands, and to a lesser extent among close islands. Shape differences in molars are in agreement with this expected pattern of gene flow. Patterns of mandible differentiation rather match local variations in habitats. At this fine geographic scale, molar shape would vary according to the amount of genetic exchange among populations whereas mandible shape might be under local selective and/or functional constraints.

Zusammenfassung

Die Formvariabilität des Molars (M1/) und des Unterkiefers von norddeutschen Waldmäusen (Apodemus sylvaticus) wurde untersucht. Dabei wurde sowohl die Variabilität zwischen verschiedenen Populationen als auch die Variabilität innerhalb einer Population studiert. So können Geschlecht und Alter beispielsweise die Formvariabilität innerhalb einer Population verursachen. Deshalb wurde die Bedeutung dieser Faktoren mit der Variabilität zwischen geographisch unterschiedlichen Populationen verglichen. Geschlechtsdimorphismus wurde nicht beobachtet. Ein zunehmendes Alter verursacht eine Variation der Größe und der Form des Molars infolge fortschreitender Abnutzung. Der Unterkiefer ändert sich auch durch spätes Wachstum und Umgestaltung des Knochens. Jedoch sind diese Effekte von beschränkter Bedeutung verglichen mit der Variabilität von Ort zu Ort.

Der Genfluß zwischen Festland-Populationen sollte begünstigt sein verglichen mit dem Genfluß zwischen nordfriesischen Inseln und zwischen Inseln und Festland. Sylt nimmt dabei eine Zwischenstellung ein, weil diese Insel durch einen Damm mit dem Festland verbunden ist. Die Differenzierung des Molars stimmt mit diesem erwarteten Muster überein. Die Differenzierung der Form des Unterkiefers entspricht eher den unterschiedlichen Habitaten zwischen Holstein, Nordfriesland, und den nordfriesischen Inseln. Trotz des kleinen geographischen Rahmens dieser Untersuchung lassen sich folgende Ergebnisse ableiten: Die Molaren scheinen sich mit dem GenfluX zwischen verschiedenen Populationen zu ändern während sich der Unterkiefer durch selektive und/ oder funktionelle Besonderheiten zu ändern scheint.

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  1. UMR 5125 CNRS “Paléoenvironments et Paléobiosphere”, Université Claude Bernard, Lyon 1, 69622, Villeurbanne, France

    Sabrina Renaud

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  1. Sabrina Renaud
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Correspondence to Sabrina Renaud.

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Renaud, S. First upper molar and mandible shape of wood mice (Apodemus sylvaticus) from northern Germany: ageing, habitat and insularity. Mamm Biol 70, 157–170 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mambio.2004.10.004

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