Skip to main content
Log in

The Chinese back shu and front mu points and their segmental innervation

Die Shu- und Mu-Akupunkturpunkte und ihre segmentale Innervation

  • Originalia | Original Articles
  • Published:
Deutsche Zeitschrift für Akupunktur Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Background

The Chinese back shu and front mu points, and the methodological problems involved in correlating points in skin or muscle with the internal organs.

Objectives

To assess the segmental relationship between the Chinese back shu and front mu points and the internal organs.

Material and Methods

The acupoints and reflexes as well as their dermatomal and myotomal innervation are tabulated alongside data on the autonomic innervation of the internal organs, based on published studies and authoritative sources. Simple connections and comparisons are made between segment numbers, with minimal use of statistical analysis. Numbers of muscle layers at the different point families are also compared, together with organ correlations at the different layers.

Results

Although many other points are segmentally related to each organ, in most cases the traditional back shu and front mu points for a particular organ are in some way segmentally related to that organ. Correspondence is better at dermatome than myotome level except for the front mu points. For the back shu points, there is greater segmental organ correspondence at deeper muscle layers, whereas this relationship is reversed at the front mu points. Other subsidiary results are presented.

Conclusions

These tentative results indicate that there is no compelling evidence that the traditionally accepted back shu and front mu points have any greater validity in terms of segmental correspondence with their associated organs than many other acupuncture points. Depth of needling, or the palpatory pressure used to assess sensitivity, must be key factors in any future discussion of the segmental organ correspondences of these points and reflexes.

Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund

Die methodologischen Probleme der Zuordnung der Shu- und Mu-Punkte in der Haut sowie Muskeln zu inneren Organen.

Zielsetzung

Die Beurteilung der segmentalen Beziehungen zwischen den genannten Akupunkturpunkten und inneren Organen.

Material und Methodik

Die Akupunkturpunkte und ihre Reflexbeziehungen, ihre Innervation der Haut und Muskeln werden mit bekannten Daten der autonomen Innervation der inneren Organe verglichen. Basis hierfür sind Studien und autoritative Quellen. Es werden einfache Beziehungen und Vergleiche zwischen den einzelnen Segmenten hergestellt, bei minimalem Einsatz statistischer Analyse. Die Anzahl der Muskelschichten unter Akupunkturpunktgruppen sowie die Organbeziehungen dieser verschiedenen Ebenen werden aufgezeigt.

Ergebnisse

In den meisten Fällen zeigt sich eine segmentale Beziehung zwischen Shu- und Mu-Punkten und dem traditionell angegebenen Ziel-Organ; allerdings korreliert dieses Organ segmental auch mit weiteren Akupunkturpunkten. Anders als bei den Mu-Punkten zeigt sich bei den Shu-Punkten eine deutlichere segmentale Korrespondenz für das Dermatom als für das Myotom. Für die Shu-Punkte zeigt sich eine deutlichere segmentale Korrespondenz bei tieferen, bei den Mu-Punkten bei den oberflächlicheren Muskelschichten. Weitere Nebenbeziehungen werden aufgezeigt.

Schlussfolgerungen

Diese vorläufigen Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin, dass keine überzeugende Evidenz dafür besteht, dass die Shu- und Mu-Punkte eine größere Validität segmentaler Organbeziehungen besitzen als viele andere Akupunkturpunkte. Der Tiefe der Nadelung sowie dem diagnostisch-palpatorischen Druck zum Aufspüren von Sensibilitäten wird in zukünftigen Diskussionen der segmentalen Korrespondenz erste Priorität eingeräumt werden müssen.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Sherrington CS. On the spinal animal. Medico-Chirurgical Transactions of the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society of London. 1899; 82 (2nd series 64):449–77

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Head H. On disturbances of sensation with especial reference to the pain of visceral disease. Brain. 1893; 16,1–2:1–132

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Förster O. The dermatomes in man. Brain. 1933 March; 56,1:1–39

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Ackerknecht EH. The history of the discovery of the vegetative (autonomic) nervous system. Medical History. 1974 Jan; 18,1:1–8

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Huang LX. Personal communication, 30 April 2007

  6. Wang MJ, Zhu YC. Clinical experience of Dr. Shao Jingming in treatment of diseases by puncturing back-shu points. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine. 1996 March; 16,1:23–6

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. O’Connor J, Bensky D, eds. Acupuncture: A comprehensive text. Chicago, IL: Eastland, 1981

    Google Scholar 

  8. Kubiena G, Sommer B, eds. Praxishandbuch Akupunktur. Munich: Urban und Fischer, 2004 (3. Aufl.)

    Google Scholar 

  9. Kendall DE. Dao of Chinese Medicine: Understanding an ancient healing art. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002

    Google Scholar 

  10. Maciocia G. The Foundations of Chinese Medicine. A comprehensive text for acupuncturists and herbalists. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1989

    Google Scholar 

  11. Maciocia G. Diagnosis in Chinese Medicine. A comprehensive guide. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 2004

    Google Scholar 

  12. Ma YT, Ma M, Cho ZH. Biomedical Acupuncture for Pain Management: An integrative approach. St Louis, MO: Churchill Livingstone, 2005

    Google Scholar 

  13. Ross J. Acupuncture Point Combinations: The key to clinical success. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1995

    Google Scholar 

  14. Beresford-Cooke C. Shiatsu Theory and Practice. A comprehensive text for the student and professional. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1996

    Google Scholar 

  15. Walther DS. Applied Kinesiology Volume I. Basic procedures and muscle testing. Pueblo, CO: Systems DC, 1981

    Google Scholar 

  16. Upledger JE. Correlations between the associated points of acupuncture and paravertebral segmental visceral relationships. Available from: Upledger Institute UK, www.upledger.co.uk, date unknown

  17. Bekkering R, van Bussel R. Segmental acupuncture. In: Filshie J, White A, eds. Medical Acupuncture: A western scientific approach. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, 1998:105–35

    Google Scholar 

  18. Hansen K, Schliack H. Segmentale Innervation. Ihre Bedeutung für Klinik und Praxis. Stuttgart: Georg Thieme, 1962

    Google Scholar 

  19. König G, Wancura I. Neue Chinesische Akupunktur. Wien: Maudrich, 1975

    Google Scholar 

  20. Mayor DF, ed. Electroacupuncture: A practical manual and resource. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 2007

    Google Scholar 

  21. Head H. On disturbances of sensation with especial reference to the pain of visceral disease. Part II. Head and neck. Brain. 1894; 17,3:339–480

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Williams PL et al, eds. Gray’s Anatomy: The anatomical basis of medicine and surgery. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1999

    Google Scholar 

  23. Mayo Robson AW. 1904 Diseases of the Gall-bladder and Bile-ducts, including Gall-stones. London: Baillière, Tindall & Cox, 1904 (3. Aufl.)

    Google Scholar 

  24. Mackenzie J. Contribution to the study of sensory symptoms associated with visceral disease. Medical Chronicle. 1892 Aug; 16,5:293–322

    Google Scholar 

  25. Bergsmann O, Bergsmann R. Projektionssymptome: Reflektorische Krankheitszeichen als Grundlagen für holistische Diagnose und Therapie. Wien: Facultas Universitätsverlag, 1997 (4. Aufl.)

    Google Scholar 

  26. Melzack R, Wall PD. Handbook of Pain Management: A clinical companion to Wall and Melzack’s Textbook of Pain. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 2003

    Google Scholar 

  27. Guyton AC. Basic Neuroscience: Anatomy and Physiology. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders, 1991 (2. Aufl.)

    Google Scholar 

  28. Macdonald AJR. Segmental acupuncture therapy. Acupuncture and Electrotherapeutics Research. 1983; 8,3–4:267–82

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Cummings M. Segmental acupuncture. In: British Medical Acupuncture Society Foundation Course Notes. London: British Medical Acupuncture Society, 2001:145–57

    Google Scholar 

  30. Marks R. Distribution of pain provoked from lumbar facet joints and related structures. Pain. 1989 Oct; 39,1:37–40

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Zhang Q, Zhu LX. Correspondence between acupoints and dermatome. International Journal of Clinical Acupuncture. 1998;9,2:127–31

    Google Scholar 

  32. Chen EC. Cross-sectional Anatomy of Acupoints. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1995

    Google Scholar 

  33. Anderson DM, Novak PD, Keith J et al, eds. Dorland’s Illustrated Medical Dictionary. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders, 2003 (30. Aufl.)

    Google Scholar 

  34. Berne RM, Levy MN, eds. Principles of Physiology. St Louis, MO: Mosby, 2000

    Google Scholar 

  35. Bibliographisches Institut. The Way Things Work Book of the Body. Simon & Schuster, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1979

    Google Scholar 

  36. Briar C. Crash Course Nervous System. London: Mosby International, 2003 (2. Aufl.)

    Google Scholar 

  37. Gunn CC. Acupuncture and the peripheral nervous system. In: Filshie J, White A, eds. Medical Acupuncture. A western scientific approach. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1998:137–50

    Google Scholar 

  38. Mackenzie J. Symptoms and their Interpretation. London: Shaw and Sons, 1920 (4. Aufl.)

    Google Scholar 

  39. Mayor DF, ed. Electroacupuncture: A practical manual and resource. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 2007 (CD version)

    Google Scholar 

  40. Kellgren JH. Observations on referred pain arising from muscle. Clinical Science. 1938 April 28;3,2:175–90

    Google Scholar 

  41. Sherrington CS. Experiments in examination of the peripheral distribution of the fibres of the posterior roots of some spinal nerves. Proceedings of the Royal Society. 1892 Dec 8; 52,318:333–7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Bischko J. The importance of traditional Chinese pathophysiology. American Journal of Acupuncture. 1987 Jan–March; 15,1:86–8

    Google Scholar 

  43. Patriquin DA. Chapman reflexes. In: Ward RC, ed. Foundations for Osteopathic Medicine. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2003 (2. Aufl.):1051–5

    Google Scholar 

  44. Wancura I. Akupunktur verstehen und optimieren: Segmentlehre — ein westlicher Weg für Akupunkteure, Neuraltherapeuten und Manualtherapeuten. München: Urban und Fischer, 2008

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to David F. Mayor MA.

Additional information

This is a shortened version of an article originally titled ‘The Chinese back shu and front mu points and their segmental innervation — a comparison with Chapman’s neurolymphatic reflexes’. The full article, with further Tables and References, may be found on the DZA website at www.elsevier.de/dza. It also mentions Jarricot’s thoracoabdominal reflexes and the myofascial trigger points.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Mayor, D.F. The Chinese back shu and front mu points and their segmental innervation. Dtsch Z Akupunkt 51, 26–36 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dza.2008.05.006

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dza.2008.05.006

Keywords

Schlüsselwörter

Navigation