Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Antibiotic resistance and inhibition mechanism of novel aminoglycoside phosphotransferase APH(5) from B. subtilis subsp. subtilis strain RK

  • Bacterial and Fungal Pathogenesis - Research Paper
  • Published:
Brazilian Journal of Microbiology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Bacterial resistance towards aminoglycoside antibiotics mainly occurs because of aminoglycoside phosphotransferases (APHs). It is thus necessary to provide a rationale for focusing inhibitor development against APHs. The nucleotide triphosphate (NTP) binding site of eukaryotic protein kinases (ePKs) is structurally conserved with APHs. However, ePK inhibitors cannot be used against APHs due to cross reactivity. Thus, understanding bacterial resistance at the atomic level could be useful to design new inhibitors against such resistant pathogens. Hence, we carried out in vitro studies of APH from newly deposited multidrug-resistant organism Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis strain RK. Enzymatic modification studies of different aminoglycoside antibiotics along with purification and characterization revealed a novel class of APH, i.e., APH(5), with molecular weight 27 kDa approximately. Biochemical analysis of virtually screened inhibitor ZINC71575479 by coupled spectrophotometric assay showed complete enzymatic inhibition of purified APH(5). In silico toxicity study comparison of ZINC71575479 with known inhibitor of APH, i.e., tyrphostin AG1478, predicted its acceptable values for 96 h fathead minnow LC50, 48 h Tetrahymena pyriformis IGC50, oral rat LD50, and developmental toxicity using different QSAR methodologies. Thus, the present study gives novel insight into the aminoglycoside resistance and inhibition mechanism of APH(5) by applying experimental and computational techniques synergistically.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Arias CA, Murray BE (2009) Antibiotic-resistant bugs in the 21st century--a clinical super-challenge. N Engl J Med 360:439–443

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Davies J (1994) Inactivation of antibiotics and the dissemination of resistance genes. Science 264:375–382

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Bryskier A (2005) Antibiotics and antibacterial agents: classifications and structure activity relationships. Antimicrobial Agents ASM Press,Washington, DC p.13–38

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  4. Cox G, Stogios P, Savchenko A, Wright GD (2015) Structural and molecular basis for resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics by the adenylyltransferase ANT(2″)-Ia. MBio. 6:e02180–e02114. https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.02180-14

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Yao J, Moellering R (2007) Antibacterial agents. Manual of clinical microbiology. American Society for Microbiology Press, Washington, DC p.1077–1113

  6. Alekshun MN, Levy SB (2007) Molecular mechanisms of antibacterial multidrug resistance. Cell 128:1037–1050

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Hancock RE (1981) Aminoglycoside uptake and mode of action--with special reference to streptomycin and gentamicin. I Antagonists and mutants. J Antimicrob Chemother 8:249–276

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Galimand M, Sabtcheva S, Courvalin P, Lambert T (2005) Worldwide disseminated armA aminoglycoside resistance methylase gene is borne by composite transposon Tn1548. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49:2949–2953

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Aires JR, Kohler T, Nikaido H, Plesiat P (1999) Involvement of an active efflux system in the natural resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to aminoglycosides. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 43:2624–2628

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Ramirez MS, Tolmasky ME (2010) Aminoglycoside modifying enzymes. Drug Resist Updat 13:151–171

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Shi K, Berghuis AM (2012) Structural basis for dual nucleotide selectivity of aminoglycoside 2″-phosphotransferase IVa provides insight on determinants of nucleotide specificity of aminoglycoside kinases. J Biol Chem 287:13094–13102

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Hon WC, McKay GA, Thompson PR, Sweet RM, Yang DS, Wright GD, Berghuis AM (1997) Structure of an enzyme required for aminoglycoside antibiotic resistance reveals homology to eukaryotic protein kinases. Cell 89:887–895

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Liao JJ (2007) Molecular recognition of protein kinase binding pockets for design of potent and selective kinase inhibitors. J Med Chem 50:409–424

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Turnbull PC, Kramer J, Melling J (1990) Bacillus, sp In Topley and Wilson’s principles of bacteriology, virology and immunity, vol. 2, 8th ed. Edward Arnold, London. p. 188–210

  15. Farrar WE (1963) Serious infections due to “non-pathogenic” organisms of the genus Bacillus. Review of their status as pathogens. Am J Med 34:134–141

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Parulekar RS, Sonawane KD (2017) Molecular modeling studies to explore the binding affinity of virtually screened inhibitor toward different aminoglycoside kinases from diverse MDR strains. J Cell Biochem 119:2679–2695

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Ericsson HM, Sherris JC (1971) Antibiotic sensitivity testing. Report of an international collaborative study. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand B Microbiol Immunol 217: (Suppl.) 1S

  18. Peixoto RS, da Costa Coutinho HL, Rumjanek NG, Macrae A, Rosado AS (2002) Use of rpoB and 16S rRNA genes to analyse bacterial diversity of a tropical soil using PCR and DGGE. Lett Appl Microbiol 35:316–320

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Altschul SF, Gish W, Miller W, Myers EW, Lipman DJ (1990) Basic local alignment search tool. J Mol Biol 215:403–410

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Thompson JD, Gibson TJ, Plewniak F, Jeanmougin F, Higgins GD (1997) The CLUSTAL_X windows interface: flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools. Nucleic Acids Res 25:4876–4882

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Tamura K, Dudley J, Nei M, Kumar S (2007) MEGA4: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis (MEGA) software version 4.0. Mol Biol Evol 24:1596–1599

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (2006) Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow aerobically; approved standard. 7thed. Document M7-A7.Wayne, PA: CLSI

  23. Klundert JA, Vligenthart JS, van Doorn E, Bongaerts GP, Molendijk L, Mouton RP (1984) A simple method for the identification of aminoglycoside modifying enzymes. J Antimicrob Chemother 14:339–348

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Laemmli UK (1970) Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature 227:680–685

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Ubukata K, Yamashita N, Gotoh A, Konno M (1984) Purification and characterization of aminoglycoside mofifying enzymes from Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 25:754–759

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Dhote V, Gupta S, Reynolds KA (2008) An O-phosphotransferase catalyzes phosphorylation of hygromycin A in the antibiotic- producing Streptomyces hygroscopicus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 52:3580–3588

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Ashenafi M, Ammosova T, Nekhai S, Byrnes WB (2014) Purification and characterization of aminoglycoside phosphotransferase APH(6)-Id, a streptomycin-inactivating enzyme. Mol Cell Biochem 387:207–216

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Thompson CJ, Skinner RH, Thompson J, Ward JM, Hopwood DA, Cundliffe E (1982) Biochemical characterization of resistance determinanats cloned from antibiotic- producing streptomycetes. J Bacteriol 151:678–685

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Parulekar RS, Sonawane KD (2018) Insights into the antibiotic resistance and inhibition mechanism of aminoglycoside phosphotransferase from Bacillus cereus: in silico and in vitro perspective. J Cell Biochem 119:9444–9461

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Martin T (2016) U.S EPA. User’s guide for T.E.S.T. (version 4.2) (toxicity estimation software tool): a program to estimate toxicity from molecular structure

  31. Daigle DM, Mckay GA, Wright GD (1997) Inhibition of aminoglycoside antibiotic resistance enzymes by protein kinase inhibitors. J Biol Chem 272:24755–24758

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Bottone EJ (2010) Bacillus cereus, a volatile human pathogen. Clin Microbiol Rev 23:382–338

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Turnbull PC, Sirianni NM, LeBron CI, Samaan MN, Sutton FN, Reyes AE, Peruski AF Jr (2004) MICs of selected antibiotics for Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus thuringiensis, and Bacillus mycoides from a range of clinical and environmental sources as determined by the Etest. J Clin Microbiol 42:3626–3634

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Murray BE, Moellering RC (1979) Aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes among clinical isolates of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus subsp. Anitratus (Herelleavaginicola): explanation for high-level aminoglycoside resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 15:190–199

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Zhang LI, Li X, Poole K (2000) Multiple antibiotic resistance in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia involvement of a multidrug efflux system. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 44:287–293

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Wright GD, Ladak P (1997) Overexpression and characterization of the chromosomal aminoglycoside 6′- N- acetyltransferase from Enterococcus faecium. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 41:956–960

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Badarau A, Shi Q, Chow JW, Zajicek J, Mobashery S, Vakulenko S (2008) Aminolgycoside 2″-phosphotransferase type IIIa from Enterococcus. J Biol Chem 283:7638–7647

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Wright GD, Thompson PR (1999) Aminoglycoside phosphotransferase: proteins, structure, and mechanism. Front Biosci 4: D9–21

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Shoichet BK (2004) Virtual screening of chemical libraries. Nature 432:862–865

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Lin DL, Tran T, Adams C, Alam JY, Herron SR, Tolmasky ME (2013) Inhibitors of the aminoglycoside 6′-N-acetyltransferase type Ib [AAC(6′)-Ib] identified by in-silico molecular docking. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 23:5694–5698

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Messaoudi A, Belguith H, Ben Hamida J (2013) Homology modeling and virtual screening approaches to identify potent inhibitors of VEB-1 β- lactamase. Theor Biol Med Model 22:1–10

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

KDS is gratefully acknowledged the University Grants Commission, New Delhi for financial support under UGC SAP Phase II programme [vide letter No. F. 4-8/2015/DRS-II (SAP-II)] sanctioned to Department of Biochemistry, Shivaji University, Kolhapur. RSP is thankful to UGC for providing BSR fellowship under UGC SAP DRS Phase I programme [vide letter No. F.7-207/2009 (BSR)]. SSB is grateful to DST PURSE-II scheme sanctioned to Shivaji University, Kolhapur, for providing fellowship. KDS is also thankful to DST SERB, New Delhi for providing infrastructural facility under project (Ref. No. EMR/2017/002688/BBM dated 25th October 2018). The authors are thankful to Department of Microbiology, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, for providing infrastructural facilities. Authors gratefully acknowledge to Department of Biotechnology, Shivaji University, Kolhapur for providing LCMS facility.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Microbiology, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, Maharashtra (M.S.), 416004, India

    Rishikesh S. Parulekar, Sagar S. Barale & Kailas D. Sonawane

  2. Structural Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, Maharashtra (M.S.), 416004, India

    Kailas D. Sonawane

Authors
  1. Rishikesh S. Parulekar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Sagar S. Barale
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Kailas D. Sonawane
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kailas D. Sonawane.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethical approval

This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

Additional information

Responsible Editor: Jorge Luiz Mello Sampaio

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Electronic supplementary material

ESM 1

(DOCX 11111 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Parulekar, R.S., Barale, S.S. & Sonawane, K.D. Antibiotic resistance and inhibition mechanism of novel aminoglycoside phosphotransferase APH(5) from B. subtilis subsp. subtilis strain RK. Braz J Microbiol 50, 887–898 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42770-019-00132-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42770-019-00132-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation