Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Bullying Victimization Among Asian-American Youth: a Review of the Literature

  • Original Article
  • Published:
International Journal of Bullying Prevention Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Bullying is a significant public health and social problem in the United States. As a fast-growing immigrant population, Asian-American youth are being bullied at school, yet little is known about their experience in bullying victimization. Thus, the purpose of this article is to review current findings regarding bullying victimization among Asian-American youth. A review of the literature was conducted. Twenty-three articles that met the inclusion criteria were included in the present review. The research team identified six themes including the prevalence of bullying victimization; impacts of bullying victimization; risk factors of being bullied; reporting on bullying incidents; coping strategies of parents, teachers, and schools; and current efforts to address bullying victimization. Studies indicate that 5–50% of Asian-American youth are bullied, which tends to be lower than the rates in white students, African-American students, and Hispanic students. However, bullying victimization is associated with adverse mental health and academic performance in Asian-American youth. The included studies examine individual, family, peer, school, and community factors that are related to being bullied in this population. Research also shows that only about 33% of Asian-American youth victims notify an adult after the bullying incidents. Recommendations for bullying prevention among this population are discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Asian American and Pacific Islander Boys and Men of Color Coalition Helping Achieve Racial and Gender Equity. (2017). California Asian American and Pacific Islander youth report. http://files.constantcontact.com/7fd2fe85401/331dbb24-ba73-4d5a-901f-2b7ca46bb61f.pdf. Accessed 18 June 2018.

  • Asian American Psychological Association. (2012). Bullying and Victimization and Asian American Students. http://www.aapaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/AAPA-bullying-factsheet1.pdf. Accessed 18 May 2019.

  • Berry, J. W. (1997). Immigration, acculturation, and adaptation. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 46(1), 5–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhatta, M. P., Shakya, S., & Jefferis, E. (2014). Association of being bullied in school with suicide ideation and planning among rural middle school adolescents. Journal of School Health, 84(11), 731–738.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, A. W., Chang, J., O’Brien, J., Budgazad, M. S., & Tsai, J. (2017). Model minority stereotype: influence on perceived mental health needs of Asian Americans. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 19(3), 572–581.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cooc, N., & Gee, K. (2014). National trends in school victimization among Asian American adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 37(6), 839–849.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Copeland, W. E., Wolke, D., Angold, A., & Costello, E. J. (2013). Adult psychiatric outcomes of bullying and being bullied by peers in childhood and adolescence. JAMA Psychiatry, 70(4), 419–426.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Else, ‘. I. R. N., Goebert, D. A., Bell, C. K., Carlton, B., & Fukuda, M. (2009). The relationship between violence and youth suicide indicators among Asian American and Pacific Islander youth. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 14(6), 470–477.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gage, N. A., Prykanowski, D. A., & Larson, A. (2014). School climate and bullying victimization: a latent class growth model analysis. School Psychology Quarterly, 29(3), 256–271.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gladden, R. M., Vivolo-Kantor, A. M., Hamburger, M. E., & Lumpkin, C. D. (2014). Bullying surveillance among youths: uniform definitions for public health and recommended data elements, version 1.0. Atlanta, GA: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and U.S. Department of Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gruber, J. E., & Fineran, S. (2008). Comparing the impact of bullying and sexual harassment victimization on the mental and physical health of adolescents. Sex Roles, 59(1), 1–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hawkins, J. D., Catalano, R. F., & Miller, J. Y. (1992). Risk and protective factors for alcohol and other drug problems in adolescence and early adulthood: implications for substance abuse prevention. Psychological Bulletin, 112(1), 64–105.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hertz, M. F., Everett Jones, S., Barrios, L., David-Ferdon, C., & Holt, M. (2015). Association between bullying victimization and health risk behaviors among high school students in the United States. Journal of School Health, 85(12), 833–842.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hishinuma, E. S., Chang, J. Y., Goebert, D. A., Helm, S., Else, I. R., & Sugimoto-Matsuda, J. J. (2015). Interpersonal youth violence perpetration and victimization in a diverse Asian American and Pacific Islander adolescent sample. Violence and Victims, 30(2), 225–249.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoeffel, E. M., Rastogi, S., Kim, M. O., & Shahid, H. (2012). The Asian population: 2010 (C2010BR-11). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, U.S. Census Bureau.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hong, J. S., Peguero, A. A., Choi, S., Lanesskog, D., Espelage, D. L., & Lee, N. Y. (2014). Social ecology of bullying and peer victimization of Latino and Asian youth in the United States: a review of the literature. Journal of School Violence, 13(3), 315–338.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hornsey, M. J. (2008). Social identity theory and self-categorization theory: a historical review. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2(1), 204–222.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Juang, L. P., & Alvarez, A. A. (2010). Discrimination and adjustment among Chinese American adolescents: family conflict and family cohesion as vulnerability and protective factors. American Journal of Public Health, 100(12), 2403–2409.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kaitiala-Heino, R., & Frojd, S. (2011). Correlation between bullying and clinical depression in adolescent patients. Adolescent Health, Medicine, and Therapeutics, 2, 37–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kann, L., McManus, T., Harris, W. A., Shanklin, S. L., Flint, K. H., Queen, B., et al. (2018). Youth risk behavior surveillance - United States, 2017. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Surveillance Summaries (Washington, D.C.:2002), 67(8), 1–114.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koo, D. J., Peguero, A. A., & Shekarkhar, Z. (2012). The “model minority” victim: immigration, gender, and Asian American vulnerabilities to violence at school. Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice, 10(2), 129–147.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Le, T. N., & Stockdale, G. D. (2005). Individualism, collectivism, and delinquency in Asian American adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 34, 681–691.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Le, T. N., & Wallen, J. (2009). Risks of non-familial violent physical and emotional victimization in four Asian ethnic groups. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 11(3), 174–187.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Le, T. N., Goebert, D., & Wallen, J. (2009). Acculturation factors and substance use among Asian American youth. The Journal of Primary Prevention, 30(3–4), 453–473.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, R. M. (2003). Do ethnic identity and other-group orientation protect against discrimination for Asian Americans? Journal of Counseling Psychology, 50(2), 133–141.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, R. M. (2005). Resilience against discrimination: ethnic identity and other-group orientation as protective factors for Korean Americans. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52(1), 36–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, J. C., & Kye, S. (2016). Racialized assimilation of Asian Americans. Annual Review of Sociology, 42, 253–273.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lessne, D., & Yanez, C. (2016). Student reports of bullying: results from the 2015 School Crime Supplement to the National Crime Victimization Survey. In Web tables. (NCES 2017-015). Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics.

    Google Scholar 

  • López, G., Ruiz, N. G., & Patten E. (2017). Key facts about Asian Americans, a diverse and growing population. http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/09/08/key-facts-about-asian-americans. Accessed 28 May 2018.

  • Maffini, C. S., Wong, Y. J., & Shin, M. (2011). The potential impact of violent victimization on somatic symptoms among Asian American adolescents: a national longitudinal study. Asian American Journal of Psychology, 2(3), 157–167.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maynard, B. R., Vaughn, M. G., Salas-Wright, C. P., & Vaughn, S. (2016). Bullying victimization among school-aged immigrant youth in the United States. Journal of Adolescent Health, 58(3), 337–344.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Menzer, M. M., Oh, W., McDonald, K. L., Rubin, K. H., & Dashiell-Aje, E. (2010). Behavioral correlates of peer exclusion and victimization of East Asian American and European American young adolescents. Asian American Journal of Psychology, 1(4), 290–302.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mouttapa, M., Valente, T., Gallaher, P., Rohrbach, L. A., & Unger, J. B. (2004). Social network predictors of bullying and victimization. Adolescence, 39(154), 315–335.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Musu-Gillette, L., Zhang, A., Wang, K., Zhang, J., & Oudekerk, B. A. (2017). Indicators of school crime and safety: 2016 (NCES 2017-064/NCJ 250650). Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education, and Bureau of Justice Statistics, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nakamoto, J., & Schwartz, D. (2010). Is peer victimization associated with academic achievement? A meta-analytic review. Social Development, 19(2), 221–242.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2016). Preventing bullying through science, policy, and practice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oyserman, D., & Sakamoto, I. (1997). Being Asian American: identity, cultural constructs, and stereotype perception. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 33, 435–453.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peguero, A. A. (2009). Victimizing the children of immigrants: Latino and Asian American student victimization. Youth & Society, 41(2), 186–208.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peguero, A. A. (2011). Violence, schools, and dropping out: racial and ethnic disparities in the educational consequence of student victimization. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 26(18), 3753–3772.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peguero, A. A., & Williams, L. M. (2013). Racial and ethnic stereotypes and bullying victimization. Youth & Society, 45(4), 545–564.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peguero, A. A., Popp, A. M., & Koo, D. J. (2015). Race, ethnicity, and school-based adolescent victimization. Crime & Delinquency, 61(3), 323–349.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Phinney, J. (1990). Ethnic identity in adolescents and adults: review of research. Psychological Bulletin, 108, 499–514.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pontes, N. M. H., Ayres, C. G., Lewandowski, C., & Pontes, M. C. F. (2018). Trends in bullying victimization by gender among U.S. high school students. Research in Nursing & Health, 41(3), 243–251.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pottie, K., Dahal, G., Georgiades, K., Premji, K., & Hassan, G. (2015). Do first generation immigrant adolescents face higher rates of bullying, violence and suicidal behaviours than do third generation and native born? Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 17(5), 1557–1566.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Qin, D. B., Way, N., & Rana, M. (2008). The “model minority” and their discontent: examining peer discrimination and harassment of Chinese American immigrant youth. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 2008(121), 27–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rhee, S., Lee, S., & Jung, S. (2017). Ethnic differences in bullying victimization and psychological distress: a test of an ecological model. Journal of Adolescence, 60, 155–160.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rojas-Gaona, C. E., Hong, J. S., & Peguero, A. A. (2016). The significance of race/ethnicity in adolescent violence: a decade of review, 2005–2015. Journal of Criminal Justice, 46, 137–147.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenbloom, S. R., & Way, N. (2004). Experiences of discrimination among African American, Asian American, and Latino adolescents in an urban high school. Youth & Society, 35, 420–451.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sawyer, A. L., Bradshaw, C. P., & O’Brennan, L. M. (2007). Examining ethnic, gender, and developmental differences in the way children report being a victim of “bullying” on self-report measures. Journal of Adolescent Health, 43, 106–114.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shea, M., Wang, C., Shi, W., Gonzalez, V., & Espelage, D. (2016). Parents and teachers’ perspectives on school bullying among elementary school-aged Asian and Latino immigrant children. Asian American Journal of Psychology, 7(2), 83–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shin, J. Y., D’Antonio, E., Son, H., Kim, S., & Park, Y. (2011). Bullying and discrimination experiences among Korean-American adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 34(5), 873–883.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smokowski, P. R., David-Ferdon, C., & Stroupe, N. (2009). Acculturation and violence in minority adolescents: a review of the empirical literature. The Journal of Primary Prevention, 30(3–4), 215–263.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stone, A. L., & Carlisle, S. K. (2017). Racial bullying and adolescent substance use: an examination of school-attending young adolescents in the United States. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 16(1), 23–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • The Asian American Legal Defense and Education Fund & the Sikh Coalition. (2013). One step forward half a step back: a status report on bias-based bullying of Asian American students in New York City schools. http://aaldef.org/One%20Step%20Forward%20Half%20a%20Step%20Back.pdf Accessed 10 June 2018.

  • Thompson, T. L., & Kiang, L. (2010). The model minority stereotype: adolescent experiences and links with adjustment. Asian American Journal of Psychology, 1(2), 119–128.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Census Bureau. (2018). Asian-American and Pacific Islander heritage month: May 2018 (CB18-FF.04). http://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/newsroom/facts-for-features/2018/cb18-ff05-asian.pdf. Accessed 30 June 2018.

  • U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division. (2017). Annual estimates of the resident population by sex, race alone or in combination, and Hispanic origin for the United States, states, and counties: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2016. http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/PEP/2016/PEPSR5H?slice=Year%7Eest72016 Accessed 30 June 2018.

  • U.S. Department of Education, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, U.S. Department of Justice, & White House Initiative on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders. (2016). Asian American and Pacific Islander Bullying Prevention Task Force report 2014–2016. Washington, DC.

  • Wang, C., Wang, W., Zheng, L., & Atwal, K. (2016). Bullying prevention as a social justice issue: implications with Asian American elementary school students. School Psychology Forum: Research in Practice, 10, 251–264.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, L. M., & Peguero, A. A. (2013). The impact of school bullying on racial/ethnic achievement. Race and Social Problems, 5(4), 296–308.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wolke, D., Copeland, W. E., Angold, A., & Costello, E. J. (2013). Impact of bullying in childhood on adult health, wealth, crime, and social outcomes. Psychological Science, 24(10), 1958–1970.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yeh, C. J., Liao, H. Y., Ma, P. W. W., Shea, M., Okubo, Y., Kim, A. B., & Atkins, M. S. (2014). Ecological risk and protective factors of depressive and anxiety symptoms among low-income, Chinese immigrant youth. Asian American Journal of Psychology, 5(3), 190–199.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yip, T., Gee, G. C., & Takeuchi, D. T. (2008). Racial discrimination and psychological distress: the impact of ethnic identity and age among immigrant and United States-born Asian adults. Developmental Psychology, 44, 787–800.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yoo, H. C., & Lee, R. M. (2008). Does ethnic identity buffer or exacerbate the effects of frequent racial discrimination on situational well-being of Asian Americans? Journal of Counseling Psychology, 55(1), 63–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou, M., & Xiong, Y. S. (2005). The multifaceted American experiences of the children of Asian immigrants: lessons for segmented assimilation. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 28(6), 1119–1115.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Shu-Tzu Huang.

Ethics declarations

Ethical Approval

For this type of study, formal consent is not required. This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Huang, ST., Vidourek, R.A. Bullying Victimization Among Asian-American Youth: a Review of the Literature. Int Journal of Bullying Prevention 1, 187–204 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42380-019-00029-3

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42380-019-00029-3

Keywords

Navigation