Effect of Ti/V ratio on thermodynamics and kinetics of MC in γ/α matrices of Ti–V microalloyed steels

Journal of Iron and Steel Research International (2021)Cite this article

Abstract

Through the solubility product theory of the ternary secondary phase, classical nucleation theory, and Ostwald ripening theory, a model was established to describe the thermodynamics and kinetics of (Ti, V)C precipitates in austenite/ferrite (γ/α) matrices. The model was used to calculate the volume fraction, precipitation–temperature–time (PTT) curve, and nucleation rate–temperature (NrT) curve of MC (M = Ti, V) precipitates in γ/α matrices in Ti–V microalloyed steels with various Ti/V ratios, which is verified by hardness tester, transmission electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The calculations indicate that, by decreasing Ti/V ratio from Ti4V0 steel to Ti0V4 steel, the complete-dissolution temperature decreases monotonically from 1226 to 830 °C, and the equilibrium volume fraction of MC precipitated from austenite decreases from 0.333% to 0.091% at 900 °C. Moreover, the maximum nucleation temperature of MC precipitated from α matrix decreases from 748 to 605 °C and the fastest precipitation temperature decreases from 844 to 675 °C as Ti/V ratio decreases. PTT and NrT diagrams of MC precipitated from α matrices in different Ti–V microalloyed steels all exhibit C-shaped and inverse C-shaped curves. In addition, both theoretical calculation and experimental results show that when tempered at 600 °C for 100 h, Ti2V2 steel shows the largest hardness value of 312 HV among the three steels tested because it has a larger volume fraction (0.364%), a larger precipitate density (1689 μm−2), and the smallest average size (8.4 nm) of (Ti, V)C precipitates. The theoretical calculations are consistent with experimental results, which indicates that the thermodynamics and kinetics model for (Ti, V)C precipitates is reliable and accurate.

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Acknowledgements

This work was financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Nos. 2017YFB0305100 and 2017YFB0304700), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 51704008 and 51974003), the Open Research Fund of State Key Laboratory of Vanadium and Titanium Resources Comprehensive Utilization (No.18100009) and the Open Research Fund from the State Key Laboratory of Rolling and Automation, Northeastern University (No. 2018RALKFKT006).

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Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Vanadium and Titanium Resources Comprehensive Utilization, Panzhihua Group Co., Ltd., Panzhihua, 617000, Sichuan, China

    Ke Zhang & Xiao-yu Ye

  2. School of Metallurgical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Maanshan, 243032, Anhui, China

    Ke Zhang, Kun Xu, Zheng-hai Zhu & Xiao-yu Ye

  3. Institute of Structural Steels, Central Iron and Steel Research Institute, Beijing, 100081, China

    Xin-jun Sun, Zhao-dong Li, Jun-yu Kang & Qi-long Yong

  4. State Key Laboratory of Rolling and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, Liaoning, China

    Tao Jia

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  1. Ke Zhang
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Correspondence to Ke Zhang or Zheng-hai Zhu.

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Zhang, K., Sun, Xj., Li, Zd. et al. Effect of Ti/V ratio on thermodynamics and kinetics of MC in γ/α matrices of Ti–V microalloyed steels. J. Iron Steel Res. Int. (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42243-020-00539-1

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Keywords

  • (Ti, V)C precipitate
  • Thermodynamics
  • Kinetics
  • Ti–V microalloyed steel
  • Coarsening rate
  • Hardness