Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Radiographic imaging assessment of prognosis of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma

  • Review
  • Published:
Chinese Journal of Academic Radiology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma is an aggressive malignancy with a poor prognosis. While the incidence and prevalence of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma are on the rise with each passing decade, more attention has paid to it. Radiologic examinations are an integral part of diagnosis and prognosis assessment of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. In this article, we focus on the evaluation of CT and MRI in the diagnosis and prognosis of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, highlighting the role of radiology in the prognosis.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Tyson GL, El-Serag HB. Risk factors for cholangiocarcinoma. Hepatology. 2011;54(1):173–84. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.24351.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Shaib Y, El-Serag HB. The epidemiology of cholangiocarcinoma. Semin Liver Dis. 2004;24(2):115–25. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2004-828889.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Khan SA, Tavolari S, Brandi G. Cholangiocarcinoma: epidemiology and risk factors. Liver Int. 2019;39:19–311. https://doi.org/10.1111/liv.14095.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. de Jong MC, Nathan H, Sotiropoulos GC, Paul A, Alexandrescu S, Marques H, et al. Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: an international multi-institutional analysis of prognostic factors and lymph node assessment. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29(23):3140–5. https://doi.org/10.1200/Jco.2011.35.6519.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Razumilava N, Gores GJ. Cholangiocarcinoma. Lancet. 2014;383(9935):2168–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61903-0.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Vijgen S, Terris B, Rubbia-Brandt L. Pathology of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Hepatol Surg Nutr. 2017;6(1):22–34. https://doi.org/10.21037/hbsn.2016.11.04.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Oikawa T. Cancer Stem cells and their cellular origins in primary liver and biliary tract cancers. Hepatology. 2016;64(2):645–51. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.28485.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Palmer WC, Patel T. Are common factors involved in the pathogenesis of primary liver cancers? A meta-analysis of risk factors for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. J Hepatol. 2012;57(1):69–766. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2012.02.022.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Bridgewater J, Galle PR, Khan SA, Llovet JM, Park JW, Patel T, et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. J Hepatol. 2014;60(6):1268–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2014.01.021.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Guglielmi A, Ruzzenente A, Campagnaro T, Pachera S, Valdegamberi A, Nicoli P, et al. Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: prognostic factors after surgical resection. World J Surg. 2009;33(6):1247–54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-009-9970-0.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Poultsides GA, Zhu AX, Choti MA, Pawlik TM. Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Surg Clin N Am. 2010;90(4):817–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.suc.2010.04.011.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Endo I, Gonen M, Yopp AC, Dalal KM, Zhou Q, Klimstra D, et al. Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: rising frequency, improved survival, and determinants of outcome after resection. Ann Surg. 2008;248(1):84–96. https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0b013e318176c4d3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Choi SB, Kim KS, Choi JY, Park SW, Choi JS, Lee WJ, et al. The prognosis and survival outcome of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma following surgical resection: association of lymph node metastasis and lymph node dissection with survival. Ann Surg Oncol. 2009;16(11):3048–56. https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-009-0631-1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Mavros MN, Economopoulos KP, Alexiou VG, Pawlik TM. Treatment and prognosis for patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Surg. 2014;149(6):565–74. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamasurg.2013.5137.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Cercek A, Boerner T, Tan BR, Chou JF, Gonen M, Boucher TM, et al. Assessment of hepatic arterial infusion of floxuridine in combination with systemic gemcitabine and oxaliplatin in patients with unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma a phase 2 clinical trial. Jama Oncol. 2020;6(1):60–7. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2019.3718.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Park J, Kim MH, Kim KP, Park DH, Moon SH, Song TJ, et al. Natural history and prognostic factors of advanced cholangiocarcinoma without surgery, chemotherapy, or radiotherapy: a large-scale observational study. Gut Liver. 2009;3(4):298–305. https://doi.org/10.5009/gnl.2009.3.4.298.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Kelley RK, Bridgewater J, Gores GJ, Zhu AX. Systemic therapies for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. J Hepatol. 2020;72(2):353–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2019.10.009.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Moeini A, Sia D, Bardeesy N, Mazzaferro V, Llovet JM. Molecular pathogenesis and targeted therapies for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2016;22(2):291–300. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.Ccr-14-3296.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Chung YE, Kim MJ, Park YN, Choi JY, Pyo JY, Kim YC, et al. Varying appearances of cholangiocarcinoma: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics. 2009;29(3):683–700. https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.293085729.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Aishima S, Oda Y. Pathogenesis and classification of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: different characters of perihilar large duct type versus peripheral small duct type. J Hepato-Bil-Pan Sci. 2015;22(2):94–100. https://doi.org/10.1002/jhbp.154.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Baheti AD, Tirumani SH, Rosenthal MH, Shinagare AB, Ramaiya NH. Diagnosis and management of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: a comprehensive update for the radiologist. Clin Radiol. 2014;69(12):E463–E470470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crad.2014.08.003.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Xu J, Igarashi S, Sasaki M, Matsubara T, Yoneda N, Kozaka K, et al. Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas in cirrhosis are hypervascular in comparison with those in normal livers. Liver Int. 2012;32(7):1156–64. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-3231.2012.02783.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Fujita N, Asayama Y, Nishie A, Ishigami K, Ushijima Y, Takayama Y, et al. Mass-forming intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: enhancement patterns in the arterial phase of dynamic hepatic CT—correlation with clinicopathological findings. Eur Radiol. 2017;27(2):498–506. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-016-4386-3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Kajiyama K, Maeda T, Takenaka K, Sugimachi K, Tsuneyoshi M. The significance of stromal desmoplasia in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: a special reference of 'scirrhous-type' and 'nonscirrhous-type' growth. Am J Surg Pathol. 1999;23(8):892–902. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000478-199908000-00006.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Sasaki A, Aramaki M, Kawano K, Morii Y, Nakashima K, Yoshida T, et al. Intrahepatic peripheral cholangiocarcinoma: mode of spread and choice of surgical treatment. Br J Surg. 1998;85(9):1206–9. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2168.1998.00815.x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Bosman FT, Carneiro F, Hruban RH, Theise ND. WHO classification of tumours of the digestive system, vol. 4. Geneve: World Health Organization; 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Kim SH, Lee CH, Kim BH, Kim WB, Yeom SK, Kim KA, et al. Typical and atypical imaging findings of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma using gadolinium ethoxybenzyl diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2012;36(6):704–9. https://doi.org/10.1097/RCT.0b013e3182706562.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Maetani Y, Itoh K, Watanabe C, Shibata T, Ametani F, Yamabe H, et al. MR imaging of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma with pathologic correlation. Am J Roentgenol. 2001;176(6):1499–507. https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.176.6.1761499.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Manfredi R, Barbaro B, Masselli G, Vecchioli A, Marano P. Magnetic resonance imaging of cholangiocarcinoma. Semin Liver Dis. 2004;24(2):155–64. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2004-828892.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Jeong HT, Kim M-J, Chung YE, Choi JY, Park YN, Kim KW. Gadoxetate disodium-enhanced MRI of mass-forming intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas: imaging-histologic correlation. Am J Roentgenol. 2013;201(4):W603–W611611. https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.12.10262.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Kang Y, Lee JM, Kim SH, Han JK, Choi BI. Intrahepatic mass-forming cholangiocarcinoma: enhancement patterns on gadoxetic acid-enhanced MR images. Radiology. 2012;264(3):751–60. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.12112308.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Peporte ARJ, Sommer WH, Nikolaou K, Reiser MF, Zech CJ. Imaging features of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MRI. Eur J Radiol. 2013;82(3):E101–E106106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrad.2012.10.010.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Koh J, Chung YE, Nahm JH, Kim HY, Kim KS, Park YN, et al. Intrahepatic mass-forming cholangiocarcinoma: prognostic value of preoperative gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI. Eur Radiol. 2016;26(2):407–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-015-3846-5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Marubashi S, Gotoh K, Takahashi H, Ohigashi H, Yano M, Ishikawa O, et al. Prediction of the postoperative prognosis of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC): importance of preoperatively-determined anatomic invasion level and number of tumors. Digest Dis Sci. 2014;59(1):201–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-013-2894-4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Weber SM, Ribero D, O'Reilly EM, Kokudo N, Miyazaki M, Pawlik TM. Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: expert consensus statement. HPB. 2015;17(8):669–80. https://doi.org/10.1111/hpb.12441.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  36. Park MJ, Kim YK, Park HJ, Hwang J, Lee WJ. Scirrhous hepatocellular carcinoma on gadoxetic acid-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion-weighted imaging: emphasis on the differentiation of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2013;37(6):872–81. https://doi.org/10.1097/RCT.0b013e31829d44c1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Lee J, Kim SH, Kang TW, Song KD, Choi D, Jang KT. Mass-forming intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: diffusion-weighted imaging as a preoperative prognostic marker. Radiology. 2016;281(1):119–28. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2016151781.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Lewis S, Peti S, Hectors SJ, King M, Rosen A, Kamath A, et al. Volumetric quantitative histogram analysis using diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging to differentiate HCC from other primary liver cancers. Abdom Radiol (New York). 2019;44(3):912–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-019-01906-7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Kim R, Lee JM, Shin CI, Lee ES, Yoon JH, Joo I, et al. Differentiation of intrahepatic mass-forming cholangiocarcinoma from hepatocellular carcinoma on gadoxetic acid-enhanced liver MR imaging. Eur Radiol. 2016;26(6):1808–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-015-4005-8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Park HJ, Kim YK, Park MJ, Lee WJ. Small intrahepatic mass-forming cholangiocarcinoma: target sign on diffusion-weighted imaging for differentiation from hepatocellular carcinoma. Abdom Imaging. 2013;38(4):793–801. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-012-9943-x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Lewis S, Besa C, Wagner M, Jhaveri K, Kihira S, Zhu HF, et al. Prediction of the histopathologic findings of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: qualitative and quantitative assessment of diffusion-weighted imaging. Eur Radiol. 2018;28(5):2047–57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-017-5156-6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Huang Z, Xu X, Meng X, Hou Z, Liu F, Hua Q, et al. Correlations between ADC values and molecular markers of Ki-67 and HIF-1α in hepatocellular carcinoma. Eur J Radiol. 2015;84(12):2464–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrad.2015.09.013.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Halappa VG, Bonekamp S, Corona-Villalobos CP, Li Z, Mensa M, Reyes D, et al. Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma treated with local-regional therapy: quantitative volumetric apparent diffusion coefficient maps for assessment of tumor response. Radiology. 2012;264(1):285–94. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.12112142.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Pandey A, Pandey P, Ghasabeh MA, Varzaneh FN, Shao NN, Khoshpouri P, et al. Unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: multiparametric MR imaging to predict patient survival. Radiology. 2018;288(1):109–17. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2018171593.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. El Fattach H, Dohan A, Guerrache Y, Dautry R, Boudiaf M, Hoeffel C, et al. Intrahepatic and hilar mass-forming cholangiocarcinoma: qualitative and quantitative evaluation with diffusion-weighted MR imaging. Eur J Radiol. 2015;84(8):1444–511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrad.2015.05.003.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Nanashima A, Sumida Y, Abo T, Oikawa M, Murakami G, Takeshita H, et al. Relationship between pattern of tumor enhancement and clinicopathologic characteristics in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. J Surg Oncol. 2008;98(7):535–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/jso.21142.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Nanashima A, Abo T, Murakami G, Matsumoto A, Tou K, Takeshita H, et al. Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: relationship between tumor imaging enhancement by measuring attenuation and clinicopathologic characteristics. Abdom Imaging. 2013;38(4):785–92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-012-9974-3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Huang B, Wu L, Lu XY, Xu F, Liu CF, Shen WF, et al. Small intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic livers may share similar enhancement patterns at multiphase dynamic MR imaging. Radiology. 2016;281(1):150–7. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2016151205.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Nanashima A, Shibata K, Nakayama T, Tobinaga S, Araki M, Kunizaki M, et al. Relationship between microvessel count and postoperative survival in patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol. 2009;16(8):2123–9. https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-009-0494-5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Aishima S, Iguchi T, Nishihara Y, Fujita N, Taguchi K, Taketomi A, et al. Decreased intratumoral arteries reflect portal tract destruction and aggressive characteristics in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Histopathology. 2009;54(4):452–61. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2559.2009.03240.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Turkoglu MA, Yamamoto Y, Sugiura T, Okamura Y, Ito T, Ashida R, et al. The favorable prognosis after operative resection of hypervascular intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study. Surgery. 2016;160(3):683–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surg.2016.03.020.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Kim SA, Lee JM, Lee KB, Kim SH, Yoon SH, Han JK, et al. Intrahepatic mass-forming cholangiocarcinomas: enhancement patterns at multiphasic CT, with special emphasis on arterial enhancement pattern-correlation with clinicopathologic findings. Radiology. 2011;260(1):148–57. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.11101777.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Min JH, Kim YK, Choi SY, Kang TW, Lee SJ, Kim JM, et al. Intrahepatic mass-forming cholangiocarcinoma: arterial enhancement patterns at MRI and prognosis. Radiology. 2019;290(3):691–9. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2018181485.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Ariizumi SI, Kotera Y, Takahashi Y, Katagiri S, Chen IP, Ota T, et al. Mass-forming intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma with marked enhancement on arterial-phase computed tomography reflects favorable surgical outcomes. J Surg Oncol. 2011;104(2):130–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/jso.21917.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Teraoku H, Morine Y, Uyama N, Ikemoto T, Iwahashi S, Saito Y, et al. Role of central hypo-enhancement in the hepatic arterial phase of dynamic computed tomography in patients with mass-forming intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. World J Surg. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-020-05456-8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Kim JH, Yoon HK, Sung KB, Ko GY, Gwon DI, Shin JH, et al. Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization or chemoinfusion for unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: clinical efficacy and factors influencing outcomes. Cancer Am Cancer Soc. 2008;113(7):1614–22. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.23787.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Boehm LM, Jayakrishnan TT, Miura JT, Zacharias AJ, Johnston FM, Turaga KK, et al. Comparative effectiveness of hepatic artery based therapies for unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. J Surg Oncol. 2015;111(2):213–20. https://doi.org/10.1002/jso.23781.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Lazaridis KN, Gores GJ. Cholangiocarcinoma. Gastroenterology. 2005;128(6):1655–67. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2005.03.040.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Lacomis JM, Baron RL, Oliver JH 3rd, Nalesnik MA, Federle MP. Cholangiocarcinoma: delayed CT contrast enhancement patterns. Radiology. 1997;203(1):98–104. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiology.203.1.9122423.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Asayama Y, Yoshimitsu K, Irie H, Tajima T, Nishie A, Hirakawa M, et al. Delayed-phase dynamic CT enhancement as a prognostic factor for mass-forming intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Radiology. 2006;238(1):150–5. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2381041765.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Jisun Lee SHK, Tae Wook K, Kyoung Doo S, Dongil C, Kee TJ. Mass-forming intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: diffusionweighted imaging as a preoperative prognostic marker. Radiology. 2016;281(1):119–28. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2016151781.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Lambin P, Rios-Velazquez E, Leijenaar R, Carvalho S, van Stiphout RGPM, Granton P, et al. Radiomics: extracting more information from medical images using advanced feature analysis. Eur J Cancer. 2012;48(4):441–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2011.11.036.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  63. Laghi A, Voena C. CT-based radiomics for biliary tract cancer: a possible solution for predicting lymph node metastases. Radiology. 2019;290(1):99–100. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2018182158.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Ji GW, Zhu FP, Zhang YD, Liu XS, Wu FY, Wang K, et al. A radiomics approach to predict lymph node metastasis and clinical outcome of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Eur Radiol. 2019;29(7):3725–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-019-06142-7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Liang WJ, Xu L, Yang PF, Zhang LL, Wan DL, Huang Q, et al. Novel nomogram for preoperative prediction of early recurrence in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Front Oncol. 2018. https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2018.00360.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  66. Perrin T, Midya A, Yamashita R, Chakraborty J, Saidon T, Jarnagin WR, et al. Short-term reproducibility of radiomic features in liver parenchyma and liver malignancies on contrast-enhanced CT imaging. Abdom Radiol. 2018;43(12):3271–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-018-1600-6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Mosconi C, Cucchetti A, Bruno A, Cappelli A, Bargellini I, De Benedittis C, et al. Radiomics of cholangiocarcinoma on pretreatment CT can identify patients who would best respond to radioembolisation. Eur Radiol. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-020-06795-9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Ji GW, Zhang YD, Zhang H, Zhu FP, Wang K, Xia YX, et al. Biliary tract cancer at CT: a radiomics-based model to predict lymph node metastasis and survival outcomes. Radiology. 2019;290(1):90–8. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2018181408.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Xu L, Yang PF, Liang WJ, Liu WH, Wang WG, Luo C, et al. A radiomics approach based on support vector machine using MR images for preoperative lymph node status evaluation in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Theranostics. 2019;9(18):5374–85. https://doi.org/10.7150/thno.34149.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  70. Navarro JG, Lee JH, Kang I, Rho SY, Choi GH, Han DH, et al. Prognostic significance of and risk prediction model for lymph node metastasis in resectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: do all require lymph node dissection? HPB (Oxford). 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hpb.2020.01.009.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Jeong WK, Jamshidi N, Felker ER, Raman SS, Lu DS. Radiomics and radiogenomics of primary liver cancers. Clin Mol Hepatol. 2019;25(1):21–9. https://doi.org/10.3350/cmh.2018.1007.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Lee M, Woo B, Kuo MD, Jamshidi N, Kim JH. Quality of radiomic features in glioblastoma multiforme: impact of semi-automated tumor segmentation software. Korean J Radiol. 2017;18(3):498–509. https://doi.org/10.3348/kjr.2017.18.3.498.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

Grants provided by the National Natural Scientific Foundation of China (81360220) (www.nsfc.gov.cn) and Guangxi Natural Scientific Foundation (2010GXNSFA013189) (https://gxnsf.gxsti.net). The funders had no role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Guangxi Medical University, No 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China

    Xiaoqing Lin & Jinyuan Liao

Authors
  1. Xiaoqing Lin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jinyuan Liao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jinyuan Liao.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Lin, X., Liao, J. Radiographic imaging assessment of prognosis of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Chin J Acad Radiol 3, 94–101 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42058-020-00040-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42058-020-00040-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation