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Improvement of Carbamazepine Degradation by a Three-Dimensional Electrochemical (3-EC) Process

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Abstract

Removal of carbamazepine (CBZ) was evaluated and studied during the oxidation by the three-dimensional electrochemical process (3-EC) compared to two-dimensional (2-EC) electrochemical process. The pilot tests were performed using two experimental units[one with powder of activated carbon (PAC) as particle electrode and the other without PAC] containing one anode (aluminum, alloy 1050) and one cathode (Al). Different operating parameters, including PAC concentration, current density, initial CBZ concentration, and reaction time were investigated. Both the removal efficiency and current efficiency increased when the current density was 9 mAcm−2, whereas it increased with rising the PAC concentration. The highest value of the removal efficiency (89.8%) was recorded for the optimum current density (9 mAcm−2), the PAC concentration (0.5 gL−1), and 10 min electrolysis time in the 3-EC process. The PAC concentration was the preponderant factor for CBZ removal. In comparison, the highest removal efficiency was 29.8% for the 2-EC process. Scavenger addition method was used to describe the mechanism, and found that superoxides are increased in 3-EC process. On the other hand, adsorption did not play any role in the degradation of CBZ in this study.

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Abbreviations

2-EC:

Two-dimensional electrochemical

3-EC:

Three-dimensional electrochemical

AOPs:

Advanced oxidation processes

BDD:

Boron-doped diamond

CBZ:

Carbamazepine

COD:

Chemical oxygen demand

GAC:

Granular activated carbon

PAC:

Powder of activated carbon

STP:

Sewage treatment plant

TOC:

Total organic carbon

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Civil, Water and Environmental Engineering, Shahid Beheshti University, P.O. Box: 16765-1719, Tehranpars, Tehran, Iran

    Abolghasem Alighardashi & Rasoul Shabani Aghta

  2. Faculty of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran

    Homeira Ebrahimzadeh

Authors
  1. Abolghasem Alighardashi
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  2. Rasoul Shabani Aghta
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  3. Homeira Ebrahimzadeh
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Correspondence to Abolghasem Alighardashi.

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Alighardashi, A., Aghta, R.S. & Ebrahimzadeh, H. Improvement of Carbamazepine Degradation by a Three-Dimensional Electrochemical (3-EC) Process. Int J Environ Res 12, 451–458 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41742-018-0102-2

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