Abstract
The toxic effects of zinc oxide (ZnO) nano- and non-nanoparticles on two species of soil organisms, the free-living nematode Panagrellus redivivus and the springtail Folsomia candida, were investigated. The toxicity of ZnO particles (with 15 and 140 nm average particle size) and ZnCl2 (used as a positive control for zinc ion dissolution) was tested in two different kinds of test media. Milli-Q water vs. soil solution was used for the tests involving P. redivivus, and plaster of paris vs. artificial soil for F. candida. For P. redivivus, application of the soil solution decreased the toxic effect. It is considered that this may be due to the less dissolved zinc ions, the organic matter content and ZnO aggregation. Furthermore, all of the compounds caused concentration-dependent mortality to the tested nematode species. In the tests with F. candida, the toxic effects of both ZnO and ZnCl2 were significantly lower in the tests involving plaster of paris. This could have resulted from the avoidance of the contaminated foods by the springtails. A decreasing effect on reproduction was observed only in the tests using artificial soil. Additionally, the ZnO particles of 140 nm significantly increased mortality in the soil solution test with P. redivivus and in the artificial soil in the tests with F. candida. Possibly, this is a consequence of a greater aggregation of the nanoparticle-sized ZnO at the end of the experiment, which resulted in a lower level of toxicity.
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Acknowledgements
This study was supported by the National Young Talent Scholarship (NTP-NFTÖ-16-0588). We would like to express our thanks to Eötvös Loránd University, Central Research and Instrument Center for their help with scanning electron microscopy, Department of Chemistry at Szent István University for their help with inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy and Department of Applied Chemistry at the University of Debrecen for their help in dynamic light scattering measurement. Special thanks are due to Professor Gábor Bakonyi for his advice.
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Kiss, L.V., Hrács, K., Nagy, P.I. et al. Effects of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles on Panagrellus redivivus (Nematoda) and Folsomia candida (Collembola) in Various Test Media. Int J Environ Res 12, 233–243 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41742-018-0086-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41742-018-0086-y