Abstract
Archaeological research on Maroons—that is, runaway slaves—has been largely confined to the Americas. This essay advocates a more global approach. It specifically uses two runaway slave communities in 19th-century coastal Kenya to rethink prominent interpretive themes in the field, including “Africanisms,” Maroons’ connections to indigenous groups, and Maroon group cohesion and identity. This article’s analysis demonstrates that the comparisons enabled by a more globalized perspective benefit the field. Instead of eliding historical and cultural context, these comparisons support the development of more localized and historically specific understandings of individual runaway slave communities both in Kenya and throughout the New World.
Extracto
Las investigaciones arqueológicas sobre cimarrones—es decir, esclavos fugitivos—se han circunscrito en gran parte a las Américas. En este ensayo se aboga por un enfoque más mundial. Se toman en consideración, en particular, dos comunidades de esclavos fugitivos en la costa de Kenia en el siglo 19 para repensar los temas interpretativos prominentes en el área, incluidos los "africanismos", las conexiones de los cimarrones con grupos autóctonos y la cohesión e identidad del grupo de cimarrones. En el análisis presentado en el artículo, se demuestra que las comparaciones a partir de una perspectiva más globalizada son benéficas en el área. En vez de elidir el contexto histórico y cultural, con estas comparaciones se apoya el desarrollo de un entendimiento más localizado e históricamente específico de las comunidades de esclavos fugitivos particulares, tanto en Kenia como en todo el Nuevo Mundo.
Résumé
La recherche archéologique sur les marrons, soit les esclaves fugitifs, s’est surtout concentrée sur l’Amérique. Le présent essai fait le plaidoyer d’une approche plus mondiale. Il implique deux communautés d’esclaves fugitifs de la côte du Kenya du 19e siècle pour repenser les thèmes interprétatifs qui prévalent dans le domaine, notamment les « africanismes », les connexions entre les marrons et les groupes autochtones et la cohésion et l’identité des groupes de marrons. La présente analyse démontre que les comparaisons favorisées par un point de vue plus mondial sont bénéfiques au champ de recherche. Au lieu d’éluder le contexte historique et culturel, lesdites comparaisons appuient ainsi le développement de compréhensions plus localisées et historiquement précises des communautés d’esclaves fugitifs individuelles au Kenya et dans le Nouveau Monde.
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Acknowledgments:
I am grateful for the assistance and advice of current and past staff at the Coastal Archaeology Division of the National Museums of Kenya, including Jambo Haro, Dr. Herman Kiriama, Ibrahim Busolo, George Ghandi, Philip Wanyama, Mohamed Mchulla Mohamed, and the late Kaingu Kalume Tinga. Thanks also to landowners at Koromio and Makoroboi, including Kaingu Hanga, Nyevu Menza, Kang’ombe Nzaro Moka, and Karisa Iha Nyundo, for permitting excavation. I am grateful to Drs. Adria LaViolette, Jeffrey Hantman, Joseph Miller, and Patricia Wattenmaker for their guidance of the larger dissertation project from which this article originated. Appreciation is also due to Dr. Sarah Walshaw for archaeobotanical analysis and Ogeto Mwebi and his team (Department of Osteology, National Museums of Kenya) for faunal analysis. The British Institute in Eastern Africa, particularly former directors Drs. Paul Lane and Justin Willis and former assistant director Dr. Stephanie Wynne-Jones, provided invaluable logistical advice and support. I am also very thankful for my colleagues in the Department of Sociology and Anthropology at DePauw University and their unfailing support and encouragement. Finally, I am indebted to Dr. Edward Alpers, two anonymous reviewers, and Historical Archaeology journal associate editor Dr. Jonathan Walz for materially improving this article’s clarity and argument. A preliminary season of fieldwork in summer 2006 was supported by the Explorers Club Washington Group and the University of Virginia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. Fieldwork in 2007–2008 was funded by a Fulbright-Hays Dissertation Research Abroad Fellowship (No. P022A070037), a National Science Foundation Doctoral Dissertation Research Improvement Grant (No. 0733784), and an International Dissertation Research Fellowship from the Social Science Research Council. Additional financial support for this project was provided by a National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship and a Dissertation Completion Fellowship from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation/American Council of Learned Societies Early Career Fellowship Program.
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Marshall, L.W. Maroon Archaeology beyond the Americas: A View from Kenya. Hist Arch 52, 717–740 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41636-018-0146-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41636-018-0146-3