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Animal Husbandry and Colonial Adaptive Behavior: Isotopic Insights from the La Belle Shipwreck Fauna

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Abstract

Changing social and economic practices had an important role for human adaptive strategies in colonial contexts and sometimes had profound consequences for emerging societies. This study uses insights from stable-isotope analyses, as well as other historical and archaeological evidence, to investigate the social and economic roles of French animal husbandry as an adaptive strategy for the settlers taking part in La Salle’s famous expedition (1684–1688) to colonize the mouth of the Mississippi River. Stable carbon- and nitrogen-isotope analyses of pig bones and other faunal remains from the shipwreck, La Belle, and associated Fort Saint Louis on the northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico are used to evaluate specific historical accounts of colonists’ animal-husbandry practices and show that a large swine population was sustained primarily on meat from local hunting activities. In this context it is argued that, although the substantial efforts involved in raising pigs mainly on other animal products seemingly makes little economic sense, there are social explanations for what initially appears to be irrational behavior. This study provides an example of how stable-isotope analyses of animal-husbandry practices can contribute to understanding social processes through historical archaeology.

Extracto

Las cambiantes prácticas sociales y económicas desempeñaban un papel importante en las estrategias de adaptación humana en los contextos coloniales y a veces tenían profundas consecuencias para las sociedades emergentes. Este estudio utiliza revelaciones de análisis de isótopos estables, y otras evidencias históricas y arqueológicas, para investigar las funciones sociales y económicas de la cría francesa de animales como una estrategia de adaptación de los colonos que participaron en la famosa expedición de La Salle (1684 a 1688) para colonizar la desembocadura del río Mississippi. Se utilizan análisis de isótopos estables de carbono y de nitrógeno, de huesos de cerdos y de otros restos de fauna del naufragio La Belle y del asociado Fort Saint Louis en la costa norte del Golfo de México, para evaluar registros históricos específicos de las prácticas de cría de animales de los colonos y para demostrar que una gran población de cerdos se mantuvo principalmente con carne de las actividades de cacería locales. En este contexto, se argumenta que, si bien los considerables esfuerzos que implican el criar cerdos principalmente con otros productos de animales parecen tener poco sentido económico, existen explicaciones sociales para lo que inicialmente parece ser un comportamiento irracional. Este estudio proporciona un ejemplo de cómo los análisis de isótopos estables de las prácticas de cría de animales pueden contribuir a la comprensión de los procesos sociales mediante la arqueología histórica.

Résumé

L’évolution des pratiques sociales et économiques a fortement influencé les stratégies d’adaptation humaine dans les contextes coloniaux, ayant parfois des conséquences marquantes sur les sociétés émergentes. La présente étude se sert de données d’analyse d’isotopes stables, ainsi que d’autres preuves historiques et archéologiques, pour enquêter sur les rôles sociaux et économiques de l’élevage français des animaux à titre de stratégie d’adaptation des colons ayant participé à l’expédition de LaSalle (1684 à 1688) afin de coloniser l’embouchure du fleuve Mississippi. Des analyses d’isotopes du carbone et de l’azote provenant d’os de cochon et d’autres restes fauniques récupérés dans l’épave de La Belle et associés à Fort Saint Louis sur la côte nord du Golfe du Mexique, permettent d’évaluer des récits historiques précis des pratiques d’élevage des colons, et de démontrer qu’une vaste population porcine était principalement nourrie des produits de la chasse d’animaux locaux. Dans ce contexte, il est avancé que même si les importants efforts dirigés vers l’élevage porcin à partir, principalement, d’autres produits animaux étaient peu viables d’un point de vue économique, des explications sociales existent pour décrire un comportement à priori irrationnel. La présente étude offre un exemple de la façon dont l’analyse des isotopes stables de pratiques d’élevage animal peut contribuer à la compréhension de processus sociaux dans le cadre de l’archéologie historique.

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Notes

  1. Some of these accounts, particularly La Salle’s, are thought to be less reliable; e.g., see Foster (1998:28). In this article we lean most heavily on the more widely respected accounts of Henri Joutel, who wrote most comprehensively about daily life for colonists at FSL.

  2. The construct of symbolism (implying a conscious representation of meaning), rather than practice (implying a habit formed of reassurance/normalcy through tradition), is used here, as the sheer size of the pig-husbandry enterprise at FSL, evident in the historical record, suggests that these activities were probably conscious and of special meaning. However, it should be noted that the concept of practice might also underpin some of these activities.

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Acknowledgments:

Sampling permissions were provided by the Texas Historical Commission, the Bullock Texas State History Museum, and the Museum of the Coastal Bend. Eric Ray, Reba MacDonald, Paul Szpak, Bryn Letham, and Joe Hepburn provided additional sampling, analytical, and other assistance. Funding was provided by the Wenner-Gren Foundation, the Social Science and Humanities Research Council, and the Society for Archaeological Sciences.

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  1. Department of Anthropology, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON, K9L0G2, Canada

    Eric Guiry

  2. Archaeology Division, Texas Historical Commission, PO Box 12276, Austin, TX, 78711, U.S.A.

    Bradford M. Jones, James E. Bruseth & Jeff Durst

  3. Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, U.S.A.

    Susan deFrance

  4. Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A1S6, Canada

    Michael P. Richards

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Guiry, E., Jones, B.M., deFrance, S. et al. Animal Husbandry and Colonial Adaptive Behavior: Isotopic Insights from the La Belle Shipwreck Fauna. Hist Arch 52, 684–699 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41636-018-0142-7

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