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The Cenomanian–Turonian transition in the carbonate platform facies of the Western Saharan Atlas (Rhoundjaïa Formation, Algeria)

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Abstract

Microfacies, fossil macroinvertebrates and microfossil assemblages (foraminifera and ostracods) and δ13C from the Rhoundjaïa Formation (Ksour Mountains, Western Saharan Atlas, Algeria) were studied. During the Late Cenomanian–Early Turonian, the Ksour Basin was an isolated platform at mid to outer shelf depths. The neritic conditions were interrupted by pelagic conditions in transgressive intervals. This deepening of the palaeoenvironment is reflected by changes in the foraminiferal assemblages. The composition of benthic and planktic foraminiferal assemblages, characterized by low diversity and abundance of low oxygen tolerant species, reflects a carbonate platform with biotic stress conditions (oxygen and nutrient fluctuations and sea-level changes). Planktic foraminiferal assemblages are dominated by opportunists such as Muricohedbergella and Planoheterohelix, which colonized new ecospace on the shelf during the transgression. The Oceanic Anoxic Event 2 (OAE2) is not represented by organic rich facies but does coincide with the successive proliferation of different opportunist organisms such as microgastropods and small echinoid (hemiasterids) and the heterohelicid shift. The continuous presence of trace fossils (Thalassinoides and Planolites-like) and benthic macroinvertebrates allows us to exclude anoxic conditions during the Whiteinella archaeocretacea Zone. The proliferation of Planoheterohelix indicates the record of eutrophic conditions and the transition from oxygenated to poorly oxygenated waters during stratified open marine settings at the time of maximum flooding. The subsequent increase in thin-shelled bivalves and cytherellid ostracods would confirm the stress conditions at the time of the δ13C isotopic excursion in the upper part of the W. archaeocretacea Zone. The Lower Turonian is represented by a shallowing upward trend in the Ksour Basin. Comparison of the taxonomic composition of the planktic foraminiferal assemblages (phenogram and class diagram) indicates the high degree of relationship of the Ksour Basin with the Northeast Sicily Basin, Central Tunisia Basin and Egypt. This work sheds light on the impact of the OAE2-related environmental perturbation in environments where anoxic conditions were not reached, as well as the response of the fossil assemblages to the biotic crisis.

Resumen

Se han estudiado las microfacies, las asociaciones de macroinvertebrados fósiles y microfósiles (foraminíferos y ostrácodos) y el 13C en la Formación Rhoundjaïa (Montes Ksour, Atlas Sahariano Occidental, Argelia). Durante el Cenomaniense superior-Turoniense temprano, la Cuenca de Ksour fue una plataforma relativamente aislada con unas características entre plataforma media y externa. Las condiciones neríticas cambiaron a condiciones pelágicas durante los intervalos transgresivos. La profundización de los paleoambientes queda registrada por cambios en las asociaciones de foraminíferos. La composición de las asociaciones de foraminíferos bentónicos y planctónicos caracterizada por baja diversidad y por la abundancia de species tolerantes de baja oxigenación, refleja una plataforma cabonatada con condiciones de estrés biológico (variaciones en el grado de oxigenación, contenido en nutrientes y nivel del mar). Las asociaciones de foraminíferos planctónicos están dominadas por oportunistas tales como Muricohedbergella y Planoheterohelix, que colonizaron el incremento de ecoespacio creado en la plataforma durante la transgresión. El evento anóxico oceánico 2 (Oceanic Anoxic Event 2, OAE2) no está representado por facies ricas en materia orgánica sino que coincide con la sucesivas etapas de proliferación de diferentes grupos de oportunistas como microgasterópodos y pequeños equinoideos (hemiastéridos) y la proliferación de heterohelícidos. El registro continuado de trazas fósiles (Thalassinoides y posibles Planolites) y de macroinvertebrados bentónicos permite excluir la existencia de condiciones plenamente anóxicas durante la Zona de Whiteinella archaeocretacea Zone. La proliferación de Planoheterohelix indica el registro de condiciones eutróficas y y el empobrecimiento en oxígeno de las aguas, posiblemente relacionado con una estratificación en la columna de agua durante la fase de máxima inundación. El posterior incremento en pequeños bivalvos de concha fina (filamentos) y ostrácodos citherellidos confirmaría las condiciones de estrés ambiental al tiempo que se producíala excrusión isotópica del 13C en la parte superior de la Zona de Whiteinella archaeocretacea. El Turoniense inferior está representado por una secuencia de somerización en la Cuenca de Ksour. La comparación de la composición taxonómica de las asociaciones de foraminíferos planctónicos (fenogramas y diagramas de clases) indica un alto grado de relación entre las asociaciones de la Cuenca de Ksour con el Noreste de la Cuenca de Sicilia, la Cuenca Central de Túnez y Egipto. Este trabajo muestra un ejemplo del impacto de las perturbaciones que acompañaron al OAE en ambientes donde no se desarrollaron condiciones anóxicas así como la respuesta de las asociaciones fósiles a esta crisis biológica.

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Acknowledgements

This research was funded by Project CGL2014-55274-P (Secretaría de Estado de I+D+I, Spain) and Research Group RNM-200 (Junta de Andalucía). C.A. Sánchez Quiñónez (Univ. Nacional Bogotá) is thanked for his help in the determination of some planktic foraminifera in thin sections. We acknowledge the work of Antonio Piedra-Martínez, Technician of the Laboratory of Geology (Universidad de Jaén) and Amparo Morales, technician of scanning electron microscopy (Centro de Instrumentación Científica-Técnica, Universidad de Jaén). This paper benefited from the useful comments by two anonymous reviewers and the Editor Kai-Uwe Gräfe. The authors thank Jean Louise Sanders for reviewing the grammar.

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  1. Department of Earth and Universe Sciences, University of Tlemcen, P.O. Box 119, Tlemcen, Algeria

    Mustapha Benadla & Abbas Marok

  2. Departamento de Geología, Universidad de Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas s/n, 23071, Jaén, Spain

    Matías Reolid

  3. Faculté des Sciences, Université Ibn Zohr, Agadir, Morocco

    Nezha El Kamali

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  1. Mustapha Benadla
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Correspondence to Matías Reolid.

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Benadla, M., Reolid, M., Marok, A. et al. The Cenomanian–Turonian transition in the carbonate platform facies of the Western Saharan Atlas (Rhoundjaïa Formation, Algeria). J Iber Geol 44, 405–429 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41513-018-0070-6

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