Abstract
We have a limited understanding of the role of exercise on memory function among those with Parkinson’s disease (PD). This review discusses the mechanisms influencing PD, examines the extent and mechanisms through which exercise can reduce the risk of developing PD, details the extent and mechanisms through which exercise is associated with memory function among PD, and indicates the effects of exercise on various non-memory outcomes among PD patients. A narrative and systematic review approach was employed. We specifically highlight the role of dopamine in PD; indicate the protective effect of exercise in reducing PD risk, which may occur from exercise-induced alterations in dopamine levels, inflammation, oxidative stress, and neurotrophic factor levels; detail the literature (in human and animal models) demonstrating that exercise can enhance memory function among PD patients, which may occur from exercise-induced changes in dopamine and modulation of mechanisms associated with memory (e.g., AMPA and NMDA receptor expression); and demonstrate that regular exercise engagement (including various exercise modalities) among PD patients can improve motor function, psychological function, and prevent early mortality. Exercise may be a putative strategy to help prevent PD and treat the memory impairment associated with PD. Recommendations for future research are discussed.
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Appendix
To be eligible for inclusion for aim 3, studies had to be published in English, indexed in PubMed, and employ a cross-sectional, prospective, or experimental design. To be as inclusive as possible, both animal and human studies were included. Outside these criteria, no specific exclusionary criteria were applied.
We employed the following PubMed computerized search on November 18, 2017:
(“exercise”[MeSH Terms] OR “exercise”[All Fields] OR (“physical”[All Fields] AND “activity”[All Fields]) OR “physical activity”[All Fields]) AND (“memory”[MeSH Terms] OR “memory”[All Fields]) AND (“parkinson disease”[MeSH Terms] OR (“parkinson”[All Fields] AND “disease”[All Fields]) OR “parkinson disease”[All Fields] OR (“parkinson’s”[All Fields] AND “disease”[All Fields]) OR “parkinson’s disease”[All Fields])
Following the aforementioned search, 86 studies were identified. We identified 10 papers that met the inclusion criteria for review. The full article of these 10 papers were read, and among these, 10 were retained for inclusion. An additional 2 articles were included after referencing the bibliographies of these retrieved articles. This resulted in 12 articles evaluated for this aim.
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Loprinzi, P.D., Frith, E. Memorcise in the Context of Parkinson’s Disease. J Cogn Enhanc 2, 208–216 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41465-018-0075-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41465-018-0075-2