Abstract
We present a comprehensive study on the individual sources of an inclusive photon production during high-energy hadronic collisions. The cross section and invariant yields of inclusive photons are obtained as a function of \(p_{\rm {T}}\) at mid-rapidity (\(|y|<0.5\)) in p + p and Au + Au collisions at \(\sqrt{s_{\rm{NN}}}\) = 200 GeV, respectively. These results provide crucial inputs to separate measurements of open bottom and charm hadron yield suppression in heavy-ion collisions, which are used to test the mass hierarchy of the parton energy loss in the quark gluon plasma created during these collisions. The procedure developed in this study can also be applied to other measurements of electrons from an open heavy-flavor hadron decay, such as the collective flow in the RHIC beam energy scan program.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
S. Edward, Strongly coupled quark-gluon plasma in heavy ion collisions. Rev. Mod. Phys. 89, 035001 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.89.035001
J. Adams, M.M. Aggarwal, Z. Ahammed et al., (STAR Collaboration), Experimental and theoretical challenges in the search for the quark gluon plasma: the STAR collaboration’s critical assessment of the evidence from RHIC collisions. Nucl. Phys. A 757, 102–183 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2005.03.085
K. Adcox, S.S. Adler, S. Afanasiev et al., (PHENIX Collaboration), Formation of dense partonic matter in relativistic nucleusnucleus collisions at RHIC: experimental evaluation by the PHENIX Collaboration. Nucl. Phys. A 757, 184–283 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2005.03.086
B. Muller, J. Schukraft, B. Wyslouch, First results from Pb+Pb collisions at the LHC. Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part Sci. 62, 361–386 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nucl-102711-094910
Z. Lin, M. Gyulassy, Open charm as a probe of preequilibrium dynamics in nuclear collisions. Phys. Rev. C 51, 2177 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.51.2177; Erratum: Phys. Rev. C 52, 440 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.52.440
M. Cacciari, P. Nason, R. Vogt, QCD predictions for charm and bottom quark production at RHIC. Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 122001 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.122001
Z. Tang, W. Zha, Y. Zhang, An experimental review of open heavy flavor and quarkonium production at RHIC. Nucl. Sci. Tech. 31, 81 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41365-020-00785-8
X. Luo, S. Shi, N. Xu et al., A study of the properties of the QCD phase diagram in high-energy nuclear collisions. Particles 2020(3), 278–307 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/particles3020022
J. Adam, L. Adamczyk, J.R. Adams et al., (STAR Collaboration), Centrality and transverse momentum dependence of \(D^0\)-meson production at mid-rapidity in Au+Au collisions at \(\sqrt{s_{{\rm NN}}}\) = 200 GeV. Phys. Rev. C 99, 034908 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.99.034908
B. Abelev, J. Adam, D. Adamova et al., (ALICE Collaboration), Suppression of high transverse momentum D mesons in central Pb–Pb collisions at \(\sqrt{s_{{\rm NN}}}\) = 2.76 TeV. JHEP 09, 112 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP09(2012)112
J. Adam, D. Adamova, M.M. Aggarwal et al., (ALICE Collaboration), Transverse momentum dependence of D-meson production in Pb–Pb collisions at \(\sqrt{s_{{\rm NN}}}\) = 2.76 TeV. JHEP 03, 081 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP03(2016)081
A.M. Sirunyan, A. Tumasyan, W. Adam et al., (CMS Collaboration), Nuclear modification factor of \(D^0\) mesons in PbPb collisions at \(\sqrt{s_{{\rm NN}}}\) = 5.02 TeV. Phys. Lett. B 782, 474–496 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2018.05.074
A. Buzzatti, M. Gyulassy, Jet flavor tomography of quark gluon plasmas at RHIC and LHC. Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 022301 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.022301
S. Zhang, Open bottom production in Au+Au collisions at \(\sqrt{s_{{\rm NN}}}\) = 200 GeV with the STAR experiment. Proceedings 10, 39 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019010039
M.M. Aggarwal, Z. Ahammed, A.V. Alakhverdyants et al., (STAR Collaboration), Measurement of the bottom quark contribution to nonphotonic electron production in \(p\)+\(p\) Collisions at \(\sqrt{s}\) = 200 GeV. Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 202301 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.202301
F. Si, X. Chen, L. Zhou et al., Charm and beauty isolation from heavy flavor decay electrons in Au+Au collisions at \(\sqrt{s_{{\rm NN}}}\) = 200 GeV at RHIC. Phys. Lett. B 805, 135465 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2020.135465
H. Qiu, STAR heavy flavor tracker. Nucl. Phys. A 931, 1141–1146 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2014.08.056
H. Wang, J.H. Chen, Y.G. Ma et al., Charm hadron azimuthal angular correlations in Au+Au Collisions at \(\sqrt{s_{{\rm NN}}}\) = 200 GeV from parton scatterings. Nucl. Sci. Tech. 30, 185 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41365-019-0706-z
H. Agakishiev, M.M. Aggarwal, Z. Ahammed et al., (STAR Collaboration), High \({p}_{T}\) non-photonic electron production in \(p\)+\(p\) collisions at \(\sqrt{s}\) =200 GeV. Phys. Rev. D 83, 052006 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.83.052006
T. Sjöstrand, S. Mrenna, P. Skands, PYTHIA 6.4 physics and manual. JHEP 0605, 026 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1088/1126-6708/2006/05/026
S.S. Adler, S. Afanasiev, C. Aidala et al., (PHENIX Collaboration), Centrality dependence of \(\pi ^0\) and \(\eta\) production at large transverse momentum in \(\sqrt{s_{{\rm NN}}}\) = 200 GeV d+Au collisions. Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 172302 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.172302
A. Adare, S. Afanasiev, C. Aidala et al., (PHENIX Collaboration), Inclusive cross section and double helicity asymmetry for \(\pi ^0\) production in p + p collisions at \(\sqrt{s}\) = 200 GeV: Implications for the polarized gluon distribution in the proton. Phys. Rev. D 76, 051106 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.76.051106
S.S. Adare, S. Afanasiev, C. Aidala et al., (PHENIX Collaboration), Midrapidity neutral-pion production in proton-proton collisions at \(\sqrt{s}\) = 200 GeV. Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 241803 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.91.241803
J. Adams, C. Adler, M.M. Aggarwal et al., (STAR Collaboration), Identified particle distributions in pp and Au+Au collisions at \(\sqrt{s_{{\rm NN}}}\) = 200 GeV. Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 112301 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.112301
B.I. Abelev, M.M. Aggarwal, Z. Ahammed et al., (STAR Collaboration), Systematic measurements of identified particle spectra in pp, d+Au and Au+Au collisions from STAR. Phys. Rev. C 79, 034909 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.79.034909
J. Adams, M.M. Aggarwal, Z. Ahammed et al., (STAR Collaboration), Pion, kaon, proton and anti-proton transverse momentum distributions from \(p\)+\(p\) and d+Au collisions at \(\sqrt{s_{{\rm NN}}}\) = 200 GeV. Phys. Lett. B 616, 8–16 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2005.04.041
J. Adams, M.M. Aggarwal, Z. Ahammed et al., (STAR Collaboration), Identified hadron spectra at large transverse momentum in \(p\)+\(p\) and d+Au collisions at \(\sqrt{s_{{\rm NN}}}\) = 200 GeV. Phys. Lett. B 637, 161–169 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2006.04.032
S.H. Zhang, L. Zhou, Y.F. Zhang et al., Multiplicity dependence of charged particle, \(\phi\) meson, and multi-strange particle productions in \(p\)+\(p\) collisions at \(\sqrt{s}\) = 200 GeV from PYTHIA simulation. Nucl. Sci. Tech. 29, 136 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41365-018-0469-y
A. Adare, S. Afanasiev, C. Aidala et al., (PHENIX Collaboration), Cross section and double helicity asymmetry for \(\eta\) mesons and their comparison to \(\pi ^0\) production in \(p\)+\(p\) collisions at \(\sqrt{s}\) = 200 GeV. Phys. Rev. D 83, 032001 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.83.032001
B.I. Abelev, M.M. Aggarwal, Z. Ahammed et al., (STAR Collaboration), Inclusive \(\pi ^0\), \(\eta\), and direct photon production at high transverse momentum in \(p\)+\(p\) and d+Au collisions at \(\sqrt{s_{{\rm NN}}}\) = 200 GeV. Phys. Rev. C 81, 064904 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.81.064904
S.S. Adler, S. Afanasiev, C. Aidala et al., (PHENIX Collaboration), High transverse momentum \(\eta\) meson production in \(p\)+\(p\), d+Au, and Au+Au collisions at \(\sqrt{s_{{\rm NN}}}\) = 200 GeV. Phys. Rev. C 75, 024909 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.75.024909
L. Adamczyk, J.K. Adkins, G. Agakishiev et al., (STAR Collaboration), Energy dependence of acceptance-corrected dielectron excess mass spectrum at mid-rapidity in Au+Au collisions at \(\sqrt{s_{{\rm NN}}}\) = 19.6 and 200 GeV. Phys. Lett. B 750, 64–71 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2015.08.044
G. Agakichiev, H. Appelshauser, J. Bielcikova et al., (CERES Collaboration), \(e^+e^-\)-pair production in Pb-Au collisions at 158 GeV per nucleon. Eur. Phys. J. C 41, 475–513 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s2005-02272-3
A. Adare, S. Afanasiev, C. Aidala et al., (PHENIX Collaboration), Centrality dependence of low-momentum direct-photon production in Au+Au collisions at \(\sqrt{s_{{\rm NN}}}\) = 200 GeV. Phys. Rev. C 91, 064904 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.91.064904
S.S. Adler, S. Afanasiev, C. Aidala et al., (PHENIX Collaboration), Measurement of direct photon production in \(p\)+\(p\) collisions at \(\sqrt{s}\) = 200 GeV. Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 012002 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.012002
A. Adare, S. Afanasiev, C. Aidala et al., (PHENIX Collaboration), Direct photon production in \(p\)+\(p\) collisions at \(\sqrt{s}\) = 200 GeV at midrapidity. Phys. Rev. D 86, 072008 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.86.072008
B.I. Abelev, M.M. Aggarwal, Z. Ahammed et al., (STAR Collaboration), Identified baryon and meson distributions at large transverse momenta from Au+Au collisions at \(\sqrt{s_{{\rm NN}}}\) = 200 GeV. Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 152301 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.152301
A. Adare, S. Afanasiev, C. Aidala et al., (PHENIX Collaboration), Suppression pattern of neutral pions at high transverse momentum in Au+Au collisions at \(\sqrt{s_{{\rm NN}}}\) = 200 GeV and constraints on medium transport coefficients. Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 232301 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.101.232301
A. Adare, S. Afanasiev, C. Aidala et al., (PHENIX Collaboration), Neutral pion production with respect to centrality and reaction plane in Au+Au Collisions at \(\sqrt{s_{{\rm NN}}}\) = 200 GeV. Phys. Rev. C 87, 034911 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.87.034911
K. Saraswat, P. Shukla, V. Singh, Transverse momentum spectra of hadrons in high energy pp and heavy ion collisions. J. Phys. Commun. 2, 035003 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1088/2399-6528/aab00f
A. Adare, S. Afanasiev, C. Aidala et al., (PHENIX Collaboration), Transverse momentum dependence of \(\eta\) meson suppression in Au+Au collisions at \(\sqrt{s_{{\rm NN}}}\) = 200 GeV. Phys. Rev. C 82, 011902 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.82.011902
L. Adamczyk, J.K. Adkins, G. Agakishiev et al., (STAR Collaboration), Direct virtual photon production in Au+Au collisions at \(\sqrt{s_{{\rm NN}}}\) = 200 GeV. Phys. Lett. B 770, 451–458 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2017.04.050
A. Adare, S. Afanasiev, C. Aidala et al., (PHENIX Collaboration), Enhanced production of direct photons in Au+Au collisions at \(\sqrt{s_{{\rm NN}}}\) = 200 GeV and implications for the initial temperature. Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 132301 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.132301
L. Adamczyk, J.K. Adkins, G. Agakishiev et al., (STAR Collaboration), Elliptic flow of electrons from heavy-flavor hadron decays in Au+Au collisions at \(\sqrt{s_{{\rm NN}}}\) = 200, 62.4, and 39 GeV. Phys. Rev. C 95, 034907 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.95.034907
Studying the Phase Diagram of QCD Matter at RHIC. https://drupal.star.bnl.gov/STAR/files/BES_WPII_ver6.9_Cover.pdf
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Sheng-Hui Zhang. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Sheng-Hui Zhang and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Additional information
This work was supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China (Nos. 2018YFE0205200, 2018YFE0104700, and 2020YFE0202002), National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 11890712), Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province (No. 1808085J02), Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. WK2030000013) and the Project funded by the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No. 2019M652177).
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zhang, SH., Ma, RR., Zhang, YF. et al. Extraction of inclusive photon production at mid-rapidity in p + p and Au + Au collisions at \(\sqrt{s_{\rm{NN}}}\) = 200 GeV. NUCL SCI TECH 32, 7 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41365-020-00840-4
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41365-020-00840-4