Abstract
Strains of Phakopsora pachyrhizi with a lower SDHI sensitivity have been found for the first time in monitoring studies in the season 2015–2016. Such strains needed to be characterized with respect to the underlying mechanism and for the development of a molecular genetic monitoring method. A mutation in the SdhC gene, which causes the amino acid substitution C-I86F, was identified in strains with a lower SDHI sensitivity. A species-specific real-time PCR for the detection and quantification of alleles which cause C-I86F exchange in diseased plant tissue was developed. The frequency of C-I86F was highest when samples were first selected on SDHI-treated detached leaves, and there was ~50% mutated allele. The SDHIs included in this study were affected to a greater or lesser extent by C-I86F in detached leaf assays. This is the first report of a causal resistance mechanism toward SDHIs in P. pachyrhizi. The practical relevance of the C-I86F exchange on the field efficacy of SDHI containing fungicides needs further investigation.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
FRAC (2017) Monitoring results and use recommendations. Online. http://www.frac.info/working-group/sdhi-fungicides/general-use-recommendations
Germer S, Holland MJ, Higuchi R (2000) High-throughput SNP allele-frequency determination in pooled DNA samples by kinetic PCR. Genome Res 10:258–266
Godoy CV (2012) Risk and management of fungicide resistance in the Asian soybean rust fungus Phakopsora pachyrhizi. In: Thind TS (ed) Fungicide resistance in crop protection: risk and management. CAB International, Wallingford, pp 87–95
Godoy CV, Meyer MC (2014) Resistência a fungicidas na cultura da soja. Informativo Meridional. Online publication. http://www.fundacaomeridional.com.br/informativos/2015
Godoy CV, Utiamada CM, Meyer MC, Campos HD, Forcelini CA, Pimenta CB et al (2015) Eficiência de fungicidas para o controle da ferrugem-asiática da soja, Phakopsora pachyrhizi, na safra 2014/15: resultados sumarizados dos ensaios cooperativos. Circular Técnica 111. Embrapa, Londrina, PR/Brazil
Hartman GL, Wang TC, Tschanz AT (1991) Soybean rust development and the quantitative relationship between rust severity and soybean yield. Plant Dis 75:596–600
Hartman GL, Sikora EJ, Rupe JC (2015) Rust. In: Hartman GL, Rupe JC, Sikora EJ, Domier LL, Davis JA, Steffey KL (eds) Compendium of soybean diseases, 5th edn. APS Press, St. Paul Minnesota, pp 56–59
Klosowski AC, Brahm L, Stammler G, May de Mio LL (2016a) Competitive fitness of Phakopsora pachyrhizi isolates with mutations in the CYP51 and CYTB genes. Phytopathology 106:1278–1284
Klosowski AC, May de Mio LL, Miessner S, Rodrigues R, Stammler G (2016b) Detection of the F129L mutation in the cytochrome b gene on Phakopsora pachyrhizi. Pest Manag Sci 72:1211–1215
Latorra D, Campbell K, Wolter A, Hurley JM (2003) Enhanced allele-specific PCR discrimination in SNP genotyping using 3′ locked nucleic acid (LNA) primers. Hum Mutat 22:79–85
Mair W, Lopez-Ruiz F, Stammler G, Clark W, Burnett F, Hollomon D, Ishii H, Thind TS, Brown JKM, Fraaije B, Cools H, Shaw M, Fillinger S, Walker ASW, Mellado E, Schnabel G, Mehl A, Oliver RP (2016) Proposal for a unified nomenclature for target-site mutations associated with resistance to fungicides. Pest Manag Sci 72:1449–1459
Miles MR, Hartman GL, Levy C, Morel W (2003) Current status of soybean rust control by fungicides. Pestic Outlook 14:197–200
Miles MR, Levy C, Morel W, Mueller T, Steinlage T, Rij N, Frederick RD, Hartman GL (2007) International fungicide efficacy trials for the management of soybean rust. Plant Dis 91:1450–1458
Miyamoto T, Ishii H, Stammler G, Koch A, Ogawara T, Tomita T, Fountaine J, Ushio T, Seko T, Kobori S (2010) Distribution and molecular characterization of Corynespora cassiicola strains resistant to boscalid. Plant Pathol 59:873–881
Scherm H, Christiano RSC, Esker PD, Del Ponte EM, Godoy CV (2009) Quantitative review of fungicide efficacy trials for managing soybean rust in Brazil. Crop Prot 28:774–782
Schmitz HK, Medeiros CA, Craig IR, Stammler G (2014) Sensitivity of Phakopsora pachyrhizi towards quinone-outside-inhibitors and demethylation-inhibitors, and corresponding resistance mechanisms. Pest Manag Sci 70:378–388
Seixas CDS, Godoy CV (2007) Vazio sanitário: panorama nacional e medidas de monitoramento. Anais do simpósio brasileiro de ferrugem asiática da soja. Embrapa, Londrina, pp 23–33
Stammler G, Wolf A, Glättli A, Klappach K (2015) Respiration inhibitors: Complex II. In: Ishii D, Hollomon D (eds) Fungicide resistance in plant pathogens. Springer, Tokyo, pp 102–117
van den Bosch F, Paveley N, Shaw M, Hobbelen P, Oliver R (2011) The dose rate debate; does the risk of fungicide resistance increase or decrease with dose? Plant Pathol 60:597–606
Yang XB, Tschanz AT, Dowler WM, Wang TC (1991) Development of yield loss models in relation to reductions of components of soybean infected with Phakopsora pachyrhizi. Phytopathology 81:1420–1426
Yorinori JT, Paiva WM, Frederick RD, Costamilan LM, Bertagnolli PF, Hartman GE, Godoy CV, Nunes J Jr (2005) Epidemics of soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) in Brazil and Paraguay from 2001 to 2003. Plant Dis 89:675–677
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
All authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Human and animal rights
This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Simões, K., Hawlik, A., Rehfus, A. et al. First detection of a SDH variant with reduced SDHI sensitivity in Phakopsora pachyrhizi . J Plant Dis Prot 125, 21–26 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41348-017-0117-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41348-017-0117-5