Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Sea-ice variability in the subarctic North Pacific and adjacent Bering Sea during the past 25 ka: new insights from IP25 and Uk′37 proxy records

  • Original Article
  • Published:
arktos

Abstract

This study focusses on the last glacial–deglacial–Holocene spatial and temporal variability in sea-ice cover based on organic geochemical analyses of marine sediment cores from the subarctic Pacific and the Bering Sea. By means of the sea-ice proxy “IP25” and phytoplankton-derived biomarkers (specific sterols and alkenones), we reconstruct the spring sea-ice conditions, (summer) sea-surface temperature (SST) and primary productivity, respectively. The large variability of sea ice was explained by a combination of local and global factors, such as solar insolation, global climate anomalies and sea-level changes controlling the oceanographic circulation and water mass exchange between the subarctic Pacific and the Bering Sea. During the Last Glacial Maximum, extensive sea-ice cover prevailed over large part of the subarctic Pacific and the Bering Sea. The following deglaciation is characterized by a rapid sea-ice advance and retreat. During cold periods (Heinrich Stadial 1 and Younger Dryas) seasonal sea-ice cover generally coincided with low alkenone SSTs and low primary productivity. Conversely, during warmer intervals (Bølling/Allerød, Early Holocene) reduced sea-ice or ice-free conditions prevailed in the study area. At the northern Bering Sea continental shelf a late-Early/Mid Holocene shift to marginal sea-ice conditions is in line with the simultaneous wide-spread sea-ice recovery observed in the other Arctic marginal seas and is likely initiated by the lower Northern Hemisphere insolation and surface-water cooling.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Ahagon N, Ohkushi K, Uchida M, Mishima T (2003) Mid-depth circulation in the northwest Pacific during the last deglaciation: evidence from foraminiferal radiocarbon ages. Geophys Res Lett 30(21):2097

    Google Scholar 

  2. Alley RB, Mayewski PA, Sowers T, Stuiver M, Taylor KC, Clark PU (1997) Holocene climatic instability: a prominent, widespread event 8200 year ago. Geology 25(6):483–486

    Google Scholar 

  3. Amo M, Minagawa M (2003) Sedimentary record of marine and terrigenous organic matter delivery to the Shatsky Rise, western North Pacific, over the last 130 ka. Org Geochem 34:1299–1312

    Google Scholar 

  4. Belt ST, Brown TA, Ampel L, Cabedo-Sanz P, Fahl K, Kocis JJ, Massé G, Navarro-Rodriguez A, Ruan J, Xu Y (2014) An inter-laboratory investigation of the Arctic sea ice biomarker proxy IP25 in marine sediments: key outcomes and recommendations. Clim Past 10:155–166

    Google Scholar 

  5. Belt ST, Brown TA, Navarro-Rodriguez A, Cabedo-Sanz P, Tonkin A, Ingle R (2012) A reproducible method for the extraction, identification and quantification of the Arctic sea ice proxy IP25 from marine sediments. Anal Methods 4:705–713

    Google Scholar 

  6. Belt ST, Brown TA, Ringrose AE, Cabedo-Sanz P, Mundy CJ, Gosselin M, Poulin M (2013) Quantitative measurement of the sea ice diatom biomarker IP25 and sterols in Arctic sea ice and underlying sediments: further considerations for palaeo sea ice reconstruction. Org Geochem 62:33–45

    Google Scholar 

  7. Belt ST, Cabedo-Sanz P, Smik L, Navarro-Rodriguez A, Berben SMP, Knies J, Husum K (2015) Identification of paleo Arctic winter sea ice limits and the marginal ice zone: optimised biomarker-based reconstructions of late Quaternary Arctic sea ice. Earth Planet Sci Lett 431:127–139

    Google Scholar 

  8. Belt ST, Massé G, Rowland SJ, Poulin M, Michel C, LeBlanc B (2007) A novel chemical fossil of palaeo sea ice: IP25. Org Geochem 38:16–27

    Google Scholar 

  9. Belt ST, Müller J (2013) The Arctic sea ice biomarker IP25: a review of current understanding, recommendations for future research and applications in palaeo sea ice reconstructions. Quat Sci Rev 79:9–25

    Google Scholar 

  10. Belt ST, Vare LL, Massé G, Manners HR, Price JC, MacLachlan SE, Andrews JT, Schmidt S (2010) Striking similarities in temporal changes to spring sea ice occurrence across the central Canadian Arctic Archipelago over the last 7000 years. Quatern Sci Rev 29(25–26):3489–3504

    Google Scholar 

  11. Berben SMP, Husum K, Navarro-Rodriguez A, Belt ST, Aagaard-Sørensen S (2017) Semi-quantitative reconstruction of early to late Holocene spring and summer sea ice conditions in the northern Barents Sea. J Quat Sci 32:587–603

    Google Scholar 

  12. Berben SMP, Husum K, Cabedo-Sanz P et al (2014) Holocene subcentennial evolution of Atlantic water inflow and sea ice distribution in the western Barents Sea. Clim Past 10:181–198

    Google Scholar 

  13. Blockley SPE, Lane CS, Hardiman M, Rasmussen SO, Seierstad IK, Steffensen JP, Svensson A, Lotter AF, Turney CSM, Ramsey CB, Members (2012) Synchronisation of palaeoenvironmental records over the last 60,000 years, and an extended event stratigraphy to 48,000 b2k. Quat Sci Rev 36, 2–10

    Google Scholar 

  14. Boon JJ, Rijpstra WIC, de Lange F, de Leeuw JW, Yoshioka M, Shimizu Y (1979) The Black Sea sterol—a molecular fossil for dinoflagellate blooms. Nature 277:125–127

    Google Scholar 

  15. Brassell SC, Eglinton G, Marlowe IT, Pflaumann U, Sarnthein M (1986) Molecular stratigraphy: a new tool for climatic assessment. Nature 320:129–133

    Google Scholar 

  16. Brown TA, Belt ST, Philippe B, Mundy CJ, Massé G, Poulin M, Gosselin M (2011) Temporal and vertical variations of lipid biomarkers during a bottom ice diatom bloom in the Canadian Beaufort Sea: further evidence for the use of the IP25 biomarker as a proxy for spring Arctic sea ice. Polar Biol 34:1857–1868

    Google Scholar 

  17. Brown TA, Belt ST, Tatarek A, Mundy CJ (2014) Source identification of the Arctic sea ice proxy IP25. Nat Commun 5:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms5197

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Brunelle BG, Sigman DM, Jaccard SL, Keigwin LD, Plessen B, Schettler G, Cook MS, Haug GH (2010) Glacial/interglacial changes in nutrient supply and stratification in the western subarctic North Pacific since the penultimate glacial maximum. Quat Sci Rev 29:2579–2590

    Google Scholar 

  19. Caissie BE, Brigham-Grette J, Lawrence KT, Herbert TD, Cook MS (2010) Last Glacial Maximum to Holocene sea surface conditions at Umnak Plateau, Bering Sea, as inferred from diatom, alkenone, and stable isotope records. Paleoceanography 25:PA1206

    Google Scholar 

  20. Cabedo-Sanz P, Belt ST, Knies J, Husum K (2013) Identification of contrasting seasonal sea ice conditions during the Younger Dryas. Quat Sci Rev 79:74–86

    Google Scholar 

  21. Cavalieri DJ, Parkinson CL (1987) On the relationship between atmospheric circulation and the fluctuations in the sea ice extents of the Bering and Okhotsk seas. J Geophys Res 92:7141–7162

    Google Scholar 

  22. Chappell J, Omura A, Esat T, Mcculloch M, Pandolfi J, Ota Y, Pillans B (1996) Reconciliation of late quaternary sea levels derived from coral terraces Huon Peninsula with deep sea oxygen isotope records. Earth Planet Sci Lett 141:227–236

    Google Scholar 

  23. Clark PU, Mix AC (2002) Ice sheets and sea level of the Last Glacial Maximum. Quat Sci Rev 21:1–7

    Google Scholar 

  24. Clarke GKC, Leverington DW, Teller JT, Dyke AS (2004) Paleohydraulics of the last outburst flood from glacial Lake Agassiz and the 8200 BP cold event. Quat Sci Rev 23(3–4):389–407

    Google Scholar 

  25. Close S, Houssais M-N, Herbaut C (2017) The Arctic winter sea ice quadrupole revisited. J Clim 30:3157–3167

    Google Scholar 

  26. Conte MH, Eglinton G, Madureira LAS (1992) Long-chain alkenones and alkyl alkenoates as palaeotemperature indicators: their production, flux and early sedimentary diagenesis in the eastern North Atlantic. Org Geochem 19:287–298

    Google Scholar 

  27. Cook MS, Keigwin LD, Sancetta CA (2005) The deglacial history of surface and intermediate water of the Bering Sea. Deep Sea Res II 52:2163–2173

    Google Scholar 

  28. Cronin TM, Gemery L, Briggs WM Jr, Jakobsson M, Polyak L, Brouwers EM (2010) Quaternary sea-ice history in the Arctic Ocean based on a new ostracode sea-ice proxy. Quat Sci Rev 29:3415–3429

    Google Scholar 

  29. Danielson S, Curchitser E, Hedstrom K, Weingartner T, Stabeno P (2011) On ocean and sea ice modes of variability in the Bering Sea. J Geophys Res 116:C12034

    Google Scholar 

  30. Darby DA, Ortiz JD, Grosch CE, Lund SP (2012) 1,500-year cycle in the Arctic Oscillation identified in Holocene Arctic sea-ice drift. Nat Geosci 5:897–900

    Google Scholar 

  31. de Vernal A, Eynaud F, Henry M, Hillaire-Marcel C, Londeix L, Mangin S, Matthiessen J, Marret F, Radi T, Rochon A, Solignac S, Turon J-L (2005) Reconstruction of sea-surface conditions at middle to high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) based on dinoflagellate cyst assemblages. Quat Sci Rev 24:897–924

    Google Scholar 

  32. de Vernal A, Gersonde R, Goosse H, Seidenkrantz M-S, Wolff EW (2013) Sea ice in the paleoclimate system: the challenge of reconstructing sea ice from proxies—an introduction. Quat Sci Rev 79:1–8

    Google Scholar 

  33. Dieckmann GS, Hellmer HH (2003) The importance of sea ice: an overview. In: Thomas DN, Dieckmann GS (eds) Sea ice. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, pp 1–21

    Google Scholar 

  34. Eglinton G, Hamilton RJ (1963) The distributions of alkanes. In: Swain T (ed) Chemical plant taxonomy. Academic Press, New York, pp 187–217

    Google Scholar 

  35. Eglinton G, Hamilton RJ (1967) Leaf epicuticular waxes. Science 156:1322–1335

    Google Scholar 

  36. Elias SA, Short SK, Nelson CH, Birks HH (1996) Life and times of the Bering land bridge. Nature 382:60–63

    Google Scholar 

  37. Elias SA, Short SK, Birks HH (1997) Late Wisconsin environments of the Bering Land Bridge. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 136:293–308

    Google Scholar 

  38. Fahl K, Stein R (1997) Modern organic carbon deposition in the Laptev Sea and the adjacent continental slope: surface-water productivity vs. terrigenous input. Org Geochem 26:379–390

    Google Scholar 

  39. Fahl K, Stein R (1999) Biomarkers as organic-carbon-source and environmental indicators in the Late Quaternary Arctic Ocean: problems and perspectives. Mar Chem 63(3–4):293–309

    Google Scholar 

  40. Fahl K, Stein R (2012) Modern seasonal variability and deglacial/Holocene change of central Arctic Ocean sea-ice cover: new insights from biomarker proxy records. Earth Planet Sci Lett 351–352:123–133

    Google Scholar 

  41. Gebhardt H, Sarnthein, M, Grootes, PM, Kiefer, T, Kuehn H, Schmieder F, Röhl U (2008) Paleonutrient and productivity records from the subarctic North Pacific for Pleistocene glaciations I to V. Paleoceanography 23:PA4212

    Google Scholar 

  42. Gersonde R (2012) The expedition of the research vessel “Sonne” to the subpolar North Pacific and the Bering Sea in 2009 (SO202-INOPEX). Report on polar and marine research, Bremerhaven, 643. ISSN: 1866-3192

  43. Gorbarenko SA (1996) Stable isotope and lithologic evidence of late glacial and Holocene oceanography of the northwestern Pacific and its marginal sea. Quat Res 46:230–250

    Google Scholar 

  44. Gorbarenko SA, Nürnberg D, Derkachev AN, Astakhov AS, Southon JR, Kaiser A (2002) Magnetostratigraphy and tephrochronology of the Upper Quaternary sediments in the Okhotsk Sea: implication of terrigenous, volcanogenic and biogenic matter supply. Mar Geol 183:107–129 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(02)00164-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Gorbarenko SA, Wang P, Wang R, Cheng X (2010) Orbital and suborbital environmental changes in the southern Bering Sea during the last 50 kyr. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclim Palaeoecol 286:97–106

    Google Scholar 

  46. Hemming SR (2004) Heinrich events: massive late Pleistocene detritus layers of the North Atlantic and their global climate imprint. Rev Geophys 42(1):RG1005 (1–43)

    Google Scholar 

  47. Hoff U, Rasmussen TL, Stein R, Ezat M, Fahl K (2016) Sea ice and millennial scale climate change in the Nordic seas 90 ka BP to present. Nat Commun 7:12247. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms12247

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Hopkins DM (1973) Sea level history in Beringia during the past 250,000 years. Quat Res 3:520–540

    Google Scholar 

  49. Hu A, Meehl GA, Otto-Bliesner BL, Waelbroeck L, Han W, Loutre MF, Lambeck K, Mitrovica JX, Rosenbloom N (2010) Influence of Bering Strait flow and North Atlantic circulation on glacial sea-level changes. Nat Geosci 3:118–121

    Google Scholar 

  50. Hu A, Meehl GA, Han W, Timmermann A, Otto-Bliesner B, Liu Z, Washington WM, Large W, Abe-Ouchi A, Kimoto M, Lambeck K, Wu B (2012) Role of the Bering Strait on the hysteresis of the ocean conveyor belt circulation and glacial climate stability. PNAS 109(17):6417–6422

    Google Scholar 

  51. Hunt GL, Phyllis Stabeno PJ, Walters G, Sinclair E, Brodeur RD, Napp JM, Nicholas A, Bond NA (2002) Climate change and control of the southeastern Bering Sea pelagic ecosystem. Deep Sea Res II 49:5821–5853

    Google Scholar 

  52. Katsuki K, Takahashi K, Okada M (2003) Diatom assemblage and productivity changes during the last 340,000 years in the subarctic Pacific. J Oceanogr 59:695–707

    Google Scholar 

  53. Katsuki K, Takahashi K (2005) Diatoms as paleoenvironmental proxies for seasonal productivity, sea-ice and surface circulation in the Bering Sea during the late Quaternary. Deep Sea Res II 52:2110–2130

    Google Scholar 

  54. Kaufman DS, Axford YL, Henderson ACG et al (2016) Holocene climate changes in eastern Beringia (NW North America)—a systematic review of multi-proxy evidence. Quat Sci Rev. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.10.021

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Keigwin LD, Jones GA, Froelich PN (1992) A 15,000 year paleoenvironmental record from Meji Seamount far northwestern Pacific. Earth Planet Sci Lett 111:425–440

    Google Scholar 

  56. Keigwin LD, Donnelly JP, Cook MS, Driscoll NW, Brigham-Grette J (2006) Rapid sea-level rise and Holocene climate in the Chukchi Sea. Geology 34:861–864

    Google Scholar 

  57. Knies J, Cabedo-Sanz P, Belt ST, Baranwal S, Fietz S, Rosell-Melé A (2014) The emergence of modern sea ice cover in the Arctic Ocean. Nat Commun 5:5608. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms6608

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Krawczyk DW, Witkowski A, Moros M, Lloyd JM, Høyer JL, Miettinen A, Kuijpers A (2017) Quantitative reconstruction of Holocene sea ice and sea surface temperature off West Greenland from the first regional diatom data set. Paleoceanography 32:18–40. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016PA003003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Kuehn H, Lembke-Jene L, Gersonde R, Esper O, Lamy F, Arz H, Kuhn G, Tiedemann R (2014) Laminated sediments in the Bering Sea reveal atmospheric teleconnections to Greenland climate on millennial to decadal timescales during the last deglaciation. Clim Past 10:2215–2236

    Google Scholar 

  60. Maier E, Méheust M, Abelmann A, Gersonde R, Chapligin B, Ren J, Stein R, Meyer H, Tiedemann R (2015) Deglacial subarctic Pacific surface water hydrography and nutrient dynamics and links to North Atlantic climate variability and atmospheric CO2. Paleoceanography 30:949–968

    Google Scholar 

  61. Manley WF (2002) Postglacial flooding of the Bering Land Bridge: a geospatial animation: INSTAAR, University of Colorado, vol 1. http://instaar.colorado.edu/QGISL/bering_land_bridge. Accessed 18 Oct 2017

  62. Marlowe IT, Brassell SC, Eglinton G, Green JC (1984) Long chain unsaturated ketones and esters in living algae and marine sediments. Org Geochem 6:135–141

    Google Scholar 

  63. Marlowe IT, Brassell SC, Eglinton G, Green JC (1990) Long-chain alkenones and alkyl alkenoates and the fossil coccolith record of marine sediments. Chem Geol 88:349–375

    Google Scholar 

  64. Martin JH, Fitzwater SE (1988) Iron deficiency limits phytoplankton growth in the north-east Pacific subarctic. Nature 331:341–343

    Google Scholar 

  65. Massé G, Rowland SJ, Sicre M-A, Jacob J, Jansen E, Belt ST (2008) Abrupt climate changes for Iceland during the last millennium: evidence from high resolution sea ice reconstructions. Earth Planet Sci Lett 269(3–4):565–569

    Google Scholar 

  66. Max L, Riethdorf J-R, Tiedemann R, Smirnova M, Lembke-Jene L, Fahl K, Nürnberg D, Matul A, Mollenhauer G (2012) Sea-surface temperature variability and sea-ice extent in the subarctic northwest Pacific during the past 15,000 years. Paleoceanography 27:PA3213

    Google Scholar 

  67. Méheust M, Fahl K, Stein R (2013) Variability in modern sea surface temperature, sea ice and terrigenous input in the sub-polar North Pacific and Bering Sea: reconstruction from biomarker data. Org Geochem 57:54–64

    Google Scholar 

  68. Méheust M, Stein R, Fahl K, Max L, Riethdorf JR (2016) Sea-ice variability in the western North Pacific and Bering Sea during the past 18,000 years. Geo Mar Lett 36(2):1–11

    Google Scholar 

  69. Morley JJ, Robinson SW (1986) Improved method for correlating late Pleistocene/Holocene records from the Bering Sea: application of a biosiliceous geochemical stratigraphy. Deep Sea Res I 33(9):1203–1211

    Google Scholar 

  70. Müller J, Stein R (2014) High-resolution record of late glacial and deglacial sea ice changes in Fram Strait corroborates ice-ocean interactions during abrupt climate shifts. Earth Planet Sci Lett 403:446–455

    Google Scholar 

  71. Müller PJ, Kirst G, Rhuland G, von Storch I, Rosell-Melé A (1998) Calibration of the alkenone paleotemperature index UK′ 37 based on core-tops from the eastern South Atlantic and the global ocean (60°N–60°S). Geochim Cosmochim Acta 62:1757–1772

    Google Scholar 

  72. Müller J, Massé G, Stein R, Belt ST (2009) Variability of sea-ice conditions in the Fram Strait over the past 30,000 years. Nat Geosci 2:772–776

    Google Scholar 

  73. Müller J, Wagner A, Fahl K, Stein R, Prange M, Lohmann G (2011) Towards quantitative sea ice reconstructions in the northern North Atlantic: a combined biomarker and numerical modelling approach. Earth Planet Sci Lett 306:137–148

    Google Scholar 

  74. Müller J, Werner K, Stein R, Fahl K, Moros M, Jansen E (2012) Holocene cooling culminates in sea ice oscillations in Fram Strait. Quat Sci Rev 47:1–14

    Google Scholar 

  75. Nakanowatari T, Inoue J, Sata K, Kikuchi T (2015) Summertime atmosphere–ocean preconditionings for the Bering Sea ice retreat and the following severe winters in North America. Environ Res Lett 10:094023. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/9/094023

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. Nakatsuka T, Watanabe K, Handa N, Matsumoto E, Wada E (1995) Glacial to interglacial surface nutrient variations of Bering deep basins recorded by 13C and 15N of sedimentary organic matter. Paleoceanography 10:1047–1061

    Google Scholar 

  77. Niebauer HJ (1980) Sea ice and temperature variability in the eastern Bering Sea and the relation to atmospheric fluctuations. J Geophys Res 85:7507–7515

    Google Scholar 

  78. Niebauer HJ (1983) Multiyear sea ice variability in the eastern Bering Sea: an update. J Geophys Res 88:2733–2742

    Google Scholar 

  79. Niebauer HJ, Bond NA, Yakunin LP, Plotnikov VV (1999) An update on the climatology and sea ice of the Bering Sea. In: Loughlin TR, Ohtani K (eds) Dynamics of the Bering Sea, University of Alaska Sea Grant, Fairbanks, pp 29–59

    Google Scholar 

  80. Ohkushi K, Uchida M, Ahagon N, Mishima T, Kanematsu T (2004) Glacial intermediate water ventilation in the northwestern Pacific based on AMS radiocarbon dating. Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res B 223–224:460–465

    Google Scholar 

  81. Okada M, Takagi M, Narita H, Takahashi K (2005) Chronostratigraphy of sediment cores from the Bering Sea and the subarctic Pacific based on paleomagnetic and oxygen isotopic analyses. Deep Sea Res II 52:2092–2109

    Google Scholar 

  82. Okazaki Y, Takahashi K, Asahi H, Katsuki K, Hori J, Yasuda H, Sagawa Y, Tokuyama H (2005) Productivity changes in the Bering Sea during the late Quaternary. Deep Sea Res II 52:2150–2162

    Google Scholar 

  83. Okazaki Y, Takahashi K, Katsuki K, Ono A, Hori J, Sakamoto T, Uchida M, Shibata Y, Ikehara M, Aoki K (2005) Late quaternary paleoceanographic changes in the southwestern Okhotsk Sea: evidence from geochemical, radiolarian, and diatoms records. Deep Sea Res II 52:2332–2350

    Google Scholar 

  84. Okazaki Y, Timmermann A, Menviel L, Harada N, Abe-Ouchi A, Chikamoto MO, Mouchet A, Asahi H (2010) Deepwater formation in the North Pacific during the Last Glacial Maximum. Science 329:200–204

    Google Scholar 

  85. Overland JE, Pease CH (1982) Cyclone climatology of the Bering Sea and its relation to sea ice extent. Mon Weather Rev 110:5–13

    Google Scholar 

  86. Overland JE, Stabeno PJ (2004) Is the climate of the Bering Sea warming and affecting the ecosystem? Eos Trans AGU 85(33):309–312

    Google Scholar 

  87. Pease CH (1980) Eastern Bering Sea ice processes. Mon Weather Rev 108:205–223

    Google Scholar 

  88. Polyak L, Alley RB, Andrews JT, Brigham-Grette J, Cronin TM, Darby DA, Dyke AS, Fitzpatrick JJ, Funder S, Holland M, Jennings AE, Miller GH, ORegan M, Savelle J, Serreze M, John K, White JWC, Wolff E (2010) History of sea ice in the Arctic. Quatern Sci Rev 29(15–16):1757–1778

    Google Scholar 

  89. Prahl FG, Wakeham SG (1987) Calibration of unsaturation patterns in long-chain ketone compositions for palaeotemperature assessment. Nature 330:367–369

    Google Scholar 

  90. Prahl FG, Muehlhausen LA, Zahnle DL (1988) Further evaluation of long-chain alkenones as indicators of paleoceanographic conditions. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 52:2303–2310

    Google Scholar 

  91. Rasmussen SO, Andersen KK, Svensson AM, Steffensen JP, Vinther BM, Clausen HB, Siggaard-Andersen M-L, Johnsen SJ, Larsen LB, Dahl-Jensen D, Bigler M, Röthlisberger R, Fischer H, Goto-Azuma K, Hansson ME, Ruth U (2006) A new Greenland ice core chronology for the last glacial termination. J Geophys Res 111:D06102

    Google Scholar 

  92. Riethdorf J-R, Max L, Nürnberg D, Lembke-Jene L, Tiedemann R (2013) Deglacial development of (sub) sea surface temperature and salinity in the subarctic northwest Pacific: implications for upper-ocean stratification. Paleoceanography 28:91–104

    Google Scholar 

  93. Sagawa T, Ikehara K (2008) Intermediate water ventilation change in the subarctic northwest Pacific during the last deglaciation. Geophys Res Lett 35:L24702

    Google Scholar 

  94. Sancetta C (1982) Distribution of diatom species in surface sediments of the Bering and Okhotsk seas. Micropaleontology 28:221–257

    Google Scholar 

  95. Sancetta C, Robinson SW (1983) Diatom evidence on Wisconsin and Holocene events in the Bering Sea. Quat Res 20:232–245

    Google Scholar 

  96. Sarnthein M, Van Kreveld S, Erlenkeuser H, Grootes PM, Kucera M, Pflaumann U, Schulz M (2003) Centennial-to-millennial-scale periodicities of Holocene climate and sediment injections off the western Barents shelf, 75 1N. Boreas 32(3):447–461

    Google Scholar 

  97. Sasaki YN, Minobe S (2005) Seasonally dependent interannual variability of sea ice in the Bering Sea and its relation to atmospheric fluctuations. J Geophys Res 110:C05011. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JC002486

    Article  Google Scholar 

  98. Serno S, Winckler G, Anderson RF, Maier E, Ren H, Gersonde R, Haug GH (2015) Comparing dust flux records from the Subarctic North Pacific and Greenland. Implications for atmospheric transport to Greenland and for the application of dust as a chronostratigraphic tool. Paleoceanography 30:583–600

    Google Scholar 

  99. Schlung SA, Ravelo AC, Aiello IW, Andreasen DH, Cook MS, Drake M, Dyez KA, Guilderson TP, LaRiviere JP, Stroynowski Z, Takahashi K (2013) Millennial-scale climate change and intermediate water circulation in the Bering Sea from 90 ka: a high-resolution record from IODP Site U1340. Paleoceanography 28:54–67, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012PA002365

    Article  Google Scholar 

  100. Schumacher JD, Reed RK (1992) Characteristics of currents over the continental slope of the eastern Bering Sea. J Geophys Res 97:9423–9433

    Google Scholar 

  101. Schumacher JD, Bond NA, Brodeur RD, Livingston PA, Napp JM, Stabeno PJ (2003) Climate change in the southeastern Bering Sea and some consequences for biota. In: Hempel G, Sherman K (eds) Large marine ecosystems of the world. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 17–40

    Google Scholar 

  102. Sikes EL, Volkman JK, Robertson LG, Pichon J-J (1997) Alkenones and alkenes in surface waters and sediments of the Southern Ocean: implications for paleotemperature estimation in polar regions. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 61:1495–1505

    Google Scholar 

  103. Smik L, Cabedo-Sanz, Belt ST (2016) Semi-quantitative estimates of paleo Arctic sea ice concentration based on source-specific highly branched isoprenoid alkenes: a further development of the PIP25 index. Org Geochem 92:63–69

    Google Scholar 

  104. Smirnova MA, Kazarina GK, Matul AG, Max L (2015) Diatom evidence for paleoclimate changes in the Northwestern Pacific during the last 20000 years. Oceanology 15(3):383–389

    Google Scholar 

  105. Stabeno PJ, Reed RK (1994) Circulation in the Bering Sea basin by satellite tracked drifters. J Phys Oceanogr 24:848–854

    Google Scholar 

  106. Stabeno PJ, Bond NA, Kachel NB, Salo SA, Schumacher JD (2001) On the temporal variability of the physical environment over the south-eastern Bering Sea. Fish Oceanogr 10(1):81–98

    Google Scholar 

  107. Stabeno PJ, Bond NA, Hermann AJ, Kachel NB, Mordy CW, Overland JE (2004) Meteorology and oceanography of the Northern Gulf of Alaska. Cont Shelf Res 24:859–897

    Google Scholar 

  108. Stabeno PJ, Bond NA, Salo SA (2007) On the recent warming of the southeastern Bering Sea shelf. Deep Sea Res 54:2599–2618

    Google Scholar 

  109. Stein R, Fahl K (2013) Biomarker proxy IP25 shows potential for studying entire Quaternary Arctic sea-ice history. Org Geochem 55:98–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2012.11.005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  110. Stein R, Fahl K, Gierz P, Niessen F, Lohmann G (2017) Arctic Ocean sea ice cover during the penultimate glacial and the last interglacial. Nat Commun 8:373. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-00552-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  111. Stein R, Fahl K, Müller J (2012) Proxy reconstruction of Arctic Ocean sea ice history: from IRD to IP25. Polarforschung 82:37–71

    Google Scholar 

  112. Stein R, Fahl K, Schade I, Manerung A, Wassmuth S, Niessen F, Nam S-I (2017) Holocene variability in sea ice cover, primary production, and Pacific-Water inflow and climate change in the Chukchi and East Siberian Seas (Arctic Ocean). J Quat Sci 32:362–379

    Google Scholar 

  113. Stein R, Fahl K, Schreck M, Knorr G, Niessen F, Forwick M, Gebhardt C, Jensen L, Kaminski M, Kopf A, Matthiessen J, Jokat W, Lohmann G (2016) Evidence for ice-free summers in the late Miocene central Arctic Ocean. Nat Commun 7:11148. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms11148

    Article  Google Scholar 

  114. Stroeve J, Holland MM, Meier W, Scambos T, Serreze M (2007) Arctic sea ice decline: faster than forecast. Geophys Res Lett 34(9). https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL029703

    Article  Google Scholar 

  115. Stroeve JC, Serreze MC, Holland MM, Kay JE, Malanik J, Barrett AP (2012) The Arctic’s rapidly shrinking sea ice cover: a research synthesis. Clim Change 110:1005–1027

    Google Scholar 

  116. Tanaka S, Takahashi K (2005) Late quaternary paleoceanographic changes in the Bering Sea and the Western subarctic Pacific based on radiolarian assemblages. Deep Sea Res II 52:2131–2149

    Google Scholar 

  117. Ternois Y, Kawamura L, Keigwin L, Ohkouchi N, Nakatsuka T (2001) A biomarker approach for assessing marine and terrigenous inputs to the sediments of Sea of Okhotsk for the last 27,000 years. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 65(5):791–802

    Google Scholar 

  118. Vare LL, Massé G, Gregory TR, Smart CW, Belt ST (2009) Sea ice variations in the central Canadian Arctic Archipelago during the Holocene. Quat Sci Rev 28:1354–1366

    Google Scholar 

  119. Volkman JK, Eglinton G, Corner EDS, Forsberg TEV (1980) Long-chain alkenes and alkenones in the marine coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi. Phytochemistry 19:2619–2622

    Google Scholar 

  120. Volkman JK (1986) A review of sterol markers for marine and terrigenous organic matter. Org Geochem 9:83–89

    Google Scholar 

  121. Xiao X, Fahl K, Müller J, Stein R (2015) Sea-ice distribution in the modern Arctic Ocean: biomarker records from trans-Arctic Ocean surface sediments. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 155:16–29

    Google Scholar 

  122. Xiao X, Stein R, Fahl K (2015) MIS 3 to MIS 1 temporal and LGM spatial variability in Arctic Ocean sea-ice cover: reconstruction from biomarkers. Paleoceanography. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015PA002814

    Article  Google Scholar 

  123. Wang R, Xiao W, Li Q, Chen R (2006) Polycystine radiolarians in surface sediments from the Bering Sea Green Belt area and their ecological implication for paleoenvironmental reconstructions. Mar Micropaleontol 59:135–152

    Google Scholar 

  124. Wanner H, Beer J, Butikofer J, Crowley TJ, Cubasch U, Fluckiger J, Goosse H, Grosjean M, Joos F, Kaplan JO, Kuttel M, Muller SA, Prentice IC, Solomina O, Stocker TF, Tarasov P, Wagner M, Widmann M (2008) Mid- to Late Holocene climate change: an overview. Quat Sci Rev 27:1791–1828

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This study is a contribution to the international INOPEX (Innovative North Pacific Experiment) Project funded by the German Ministry of Education and Science (Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung) and the German Research Foundation (DFG), project STE412/25. We thank the captain of the research vessel R/V Sonne, L. Mallon, as well as the crew members and the scientists on board for their remarkable work. Thanks also go to W. Luttmer and S. Wassmuth for technical support in the laboratory. We thank two anonymous reviewers for numerous constructive suggestions for improvement of the manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Marine Geology, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Alten Hafen 26, 27568, Bremerhaven, Germany

    Marie Méheust, Ruediger Stein, Kirsten Fahl & Rainer Gersonde

  2. MARUM and Faculty of Geosciences, University of Bremen, P.O. Box 330440, 28334, Bremen, Germany

    Ruediger Stein

Authors
  1. Marie Méheust
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ruediger Stein
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Kirsten Fahl
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Rainer Gersonde
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ruediger Stein.

Electronic supplementary material

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Méheust, M., Stein, R., Fahl, K. et al. Sea-ice variability in the subarctic North Pacific and adjacent Bering Sea during the past 25 ka: new insights from IP25 and Uk′37 proxy records. Arktos 4, 1–19 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41063-018-0043-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41063-018-0043-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation