Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Effect of Titanium Levels on the Hot Tearing Sensitivity and Abnormal Grain Growth After T4 Heat Treatment of Al–Zn–Mg–Cu Alloys

  • Published:
International Journal of Metalcasting Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In this paper, the castability of Al–6wt%Zn–2wt%Mg–2wt%Cu alloy with different titanium levels was investigated with a constrained rod casting (CRC) mold. With the increasing level of titanium, the hot tearing sensitivity (HTS) index decreased from the value of 17 (without Ti) to the value of 7 (0.06 wt% of Ti). But further increasing of titanium weight percentage will deteriorate the castability of the alloys. The HTS index increased from the value of 7 (0.06 wt% of Ti) to the value of 13 (0.24 wt% of Ti). The grain sizes and grain morphologies of as-cast as well as solid solution-treated samples with different Ti levels were measured and analyzed. For the CRC mold castings, the grain size decreased with the increasing of Ti levels in the as-cast samples, and the grain morphology was changed from dendrite to globular. The Ti level required for minimum grain size decreased as the cooling rate of solidification increased. After solid solution treatment, abnormal grain growth occurred only in samples with less than 0.1 wt% of Ti. The tensile samples with different Ti levels were cast in the tilt pouring cast machine with permanent mold. The tensile test results of heat-treated samples show that the samples with grain growth during heat treatment did not affect the tensile properties.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6
Figure 7
Figure 8
Figure 9
Figure 10
Figure 11
Figure 12

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. ImageJ, Image processing and Analysis in Java, 1.42q Java 1.6.0 (32 bit).

References

  1. Office of Transportation and Air Quality, EPA and NHTSA set standards to reduce greenhouse gases and improve fuel economy for model years 2017–2025 cars and light trucks, https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPDF.cgi/P100EZ7C.PDF?Dockey=P100EZ7C.PDF. Accessed 27 Sept 2017

  2. North American Light Vehicle Aluminum Content Study: Executive Summary, Duker Worldwide, 2014, http://www.autonews.com/assets/PDF/CA95065611.PDF. Accessed 27 Sept 2017

  3. R. Ghiaasiaan, PhD Dissertation, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, 2015

  4. J.A. Spittle, S.G.R. Brown, Mater. Sci. Tech. 21(9), 1071–1077 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. S. Lin, PhD Thesis, University of Quebec at Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, Quebec, 1999

  6. J. Cambell, Castings (Butterworth-Heineman Ltd., Oxford, 1991), pp. 209–232

    Google Scholar 

  7. S. Vernede, J.A. Dantzing, M. Rappaz, Acta Mater. 57, 1554–1569 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. W.S. Pellini, Foundry 80, 125–199 (1952)

    Google Scholar 

  9. S. Li, D. Apelian, Int. J. Metalcast 5, 23–40 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. D. Warrington, D.G. McCartney, Cast Metal 3(4), 202–208 (1991)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. M. Easton, D. StJohn, L. Sweet, Mater. Sci. Forum 630, 213–221 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. T.E. Quested, A.L. Greer, Acta Mater. 52, 3859–3868 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. A.L. Greer, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A 361, 479–495 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. T.E. Quested, A.L. Greer, Acta Materialia 53(9), 2683–2692 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. W. Kurz, D. Fisher, Fundamentals of Solidification, 4th edn. (Trans Tech Publications, Aedermannsdorf, 1989)

    Google Scholar 

  16. M.E. Glicksman, Principles of Solidification (Springer, New York, 2011)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  17. D.M. Stefanescu, Science and Engineering of Casting Solidification, 2nd edn. (Springer, New York, 2009)

    Google Scholar 

  18. J. Kramp, MASc thesis, McMaster University, 2018

  19. Y. Li et al., Metall. Mater. Trans. A (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-016-3543-2

    Google Scholar 

  20. G. Cao, S. Kou, Metall. Mater. Trans. A 37A, 3647–3663 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. G. Cao, C. Zhang, H. Cao, Y.A. Chang, S. Kou, Metall. Mater. Trans. A 41A, 706–716 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. G. Birsan, P. Ashtari, S. Shankar, Int. J. Cast Metal Res. 24(6), 378–384 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. P. Schumacher, in Solidification and Casting, ed. by B. Cantor, K. O’Reilly (IOP Publishing Ltd, Bristol, 2003), pp. 177–198

    Google Scholar 

  24. L. Greer, in Solidification and Casting, ed. by B. Cantor, K. O’Reilly (IOP Publishing Ltd, Bristol, 2003), pp. 199–247

    Google Scholar 

  25. A. Mazahery, MASc thesis, McMaster University, 2016

  26. C.S. Smith, Met. Soc. Trans. AIME 175, 345 (1948)

    Google Scholar 

  27. T. Gladman, Proc. R. Soc. 294A, 298 (1966)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. M. Hillert, in International Conference on Physical Metallurgy of Thermomechanical Processing Thermec-88 Tokyo, Japan, ed by I. Tamusa (Iron and Steel Institute, Japan, 1988), pp. 30

  29. A. Waheed, G.W. Lorimer, J. Mater. Sci. Lett. 16, 1643–1646 (1997)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. K.T. Kashyap, Bull. Mater. Sci. 24(6), 643–648 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors wish to thank the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada for the funding of this project.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Light Metal Casting Research Center, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada

    Xiaochun Zeng, Cassandra Ferguson & Sumanth Shankar

  2. Canmet Materials, Natural Resources Canada, Hamilton, ON, Canada

    Kumar Sadayappan

Authors
  1. Xiaochun Zeng
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Cassandra Ferguson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Kumar Sadayappan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Sumanth Shankar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sumanth Shankar.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Zeng, X., Ferguson, C., Sadayappan, K. et al. Effect of Titanium Levels on the Hot Tearing Sensitivity and Abnormal Grain Growth After T4 Heat Treatment of Al–Zn–Mg–Cu Alloys. Inter Metalcast 12, 457–468 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40962-018-0227-2

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40962-018-0227-2

Keywords

Search

Navigation