Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Effects of Fly Ash on Liquefaction Characteristics of Ottawa Sand

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
International Journal of Geosynthetics and Ground Engineering Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This paper presents the results of effects of non-plastic fines (Class F fly ash) on liquefaction behavior of Ottawa sand. Stress-controlled cyclic triaxial tests were performed on clean Ottawa sand, fly ash, and sand–fly ash mixtures containing 10, 20, 25, 30, 50, and 70% of fly ash. For the evaluation of the effects of confining pressure on liquefaction resistance, three series of tests were conducted at 34.48, 68.96, and 103.42 kPa initial effective confining pressures, except for pure fly ash. In the case of pure fly ash, tests were conducted only at an effective confining pressure of 34.48 kPa. The reversible shear stress was applied systematically by varying Cyclic Stress Ratio from 0.1 to 0.5. Addition of fly ash to sand resulted in decrease in liquefaction resistance initially and then increase in liquefaction resistance for fly ash contents up to about 20–25%. Increase in fly ash content beyond 25% was seen to decrease the liquefaction resistance.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Seed HB, Lee KL (1966) Liquefaction of saturated sands during cyclic loading. J Soil Mech Found Div 92(SM6):105–134

    Google Scholar 

  2. Seed HB, Idriss IM (1971) Simplified procedure for evaluating soil liquefaction potential. J Soil Mech Found Div 97(9):1249–1273

    Google Scholar 

  3. Seed HB, Chan CK, Mori K (1977) Influence of seismic history on liquefaction of sands. J Geotech Eng Div 103(4):257–270

    Google Scholar 

  4. Seed HB (1979) Soil liquefaction and cyclic mobility evaluation for level ground during earthquakes. J Geotech Eng Div 105(2):201–255

    Google Scholar 

  5. De Alba PA, Seed HB, Retamal E, Seed RB (1988) Analyses of dam failures in 1985 Chilean earthquake. J Geotech Eng 114(12):1414–1434

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Tuttle M, Law KT, Seeber L, Jacob K (1990) Liquefaction and ground failure induced by the 1988 Saguenay, Quebec, earthquake. Can Geotech J 27(5):580–589

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Holzer TL, Hanks TC, Youd TL (1989) Dynamics of liquefaction during the 1987 Superstition Hills, California, earthquake. Science 244(4900):56–59

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Seed HB, Tokimatsu K, Harder LF, Chung RM (1985) Influence of SPT procedures in soil liquefaction resistance evaluations. J Geotech Eng 111(12):1425–1445

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Singh S (1996) Liquefaction characteristics of silts. Geotech Geol Eng 14(1):1–19

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  10. Amini F, Qi GZ (2000) Liquefaction testing of stratified silty sands. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 126(3):208–217

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Kuerbis RH, Vaid YP (1988) Effect of gradation and fines content on the undrained response of sand. Hydraulic fill structure, ASCE, Colorado, pp 330–345

  12. Cubrinovski M, Rees S (2008) Effects of fines on undrained behaviour of sands. Geotechnical earthquake engineering and soil dynamics congress IV, Sacramento, pp 18–22

  13. Schmidt K (2008) Effects of mica content on cyclic resistance of poorly-graded sand. Geotechnical earthquake engineering and soil dynamics IV, ASCE, California, pp 1–8

  14. Polito CP, Martin JR (2001) Effects of nonplastic fines on the liquefaction resistance of sands. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 127(5):408–415

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Sadek S, Saleh M (2007) The effect of carbonaceous finess on the cyclic resistance of poorly graded sands. Geotech Geol Eng 25(2):257–264

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Chang NY, Yeh ST, Kaufman LP (1982) Liquefaction potential of clean and silty sands. Proceedings of the third international earthquake micro zonation conference seattle, pp 1017–1032

  17. Koester JP (1994) The influence of fines type and content on cyclic strength. Ground failures under seismic conditions, ASCE, New York, pp 17–33

  18. Thevanayagam S, Fiorillo M, Liang J (2000) Effects of non-plastic fines on undrained cyclic strength of silty sands. Geo Denver, ASCE, Denver, pp 77–91

  19. Xenaki VC, Athanasopoulos GA (2003) Liquefaction resistance of sand-silt mixtures: an experimental investigation of the effect of fines. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 23(3):183–194

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Athanasopoulos G, Xenaki V (2008) Liquefaction resistance of sands containing varying amounts of fines. Geotechnical earthquake engineering and soil dynamics ASCE, Sacramento, pp 1–10

  21. Sitharam TG, Dash HK, Jakka RS (2013) Post liquefaction undrained shear behavior of sand-silt mixtures at constant void ratio. Int J Geomech 13(4):421–429

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Wang Y, Wang Y (2010) Study of effects of fines content on liquefaction properties of sand. Soil dynamics and earthquake engineering, ASCE, Shanghai, pp 272–277

  23. Ishihara K, Troncoso J, Takahasi Y (1980) Cyclic strength characteristics of tailings materials. Soils Found 20(4):127–142

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Puri VK (1984) Liquefaction behavior and dynamic properties of loessial (silty) soils. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Missouri Rolla

  25. Sandoval J (1989) Liquefaction and settlement characteristics of silt soils. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Missouri Rolla

  26. Law KT, Ling YH (1992) Liquefaction of granular soils with non-cohesive and cohesive finess. The tenth world conference on earthquake engineering, Rotterdam, pp 1491–1496

  27. Prakash S, Puri VK (2010) Recent advances in liquefaction of fines grained soils. 5th International conference on recent advances in geotechnical earthquake engineering and soil dynamics San Diego, California, pp. 1–6

  28. Park SS, Kim YS (2013) Liquefaction resistance of sands containing plastic fines with different plasticity. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 139(5):825–830

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. ASTM D422 (2007) Standard test method for particle-size analysis of soils. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, pp 1–8

    Google Scholar 

  30. ASTM D5550-06 (2000) Standard test methods for specific gravity of soil solids by gas pycnometer. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, pp 1–7

    Google Scholar 

  31. ASTM C618-12a (2012) Standard specification for coal fly ash and raw or calcined natural pozzolan for use in concrete. ASTM International, West Conshohocken

    Google Scholar 

  32. ASTM D4254 (2000) Standard test methods for minimum index density and unit weight of soils and Calculation of Relative Density. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, pp 1–9

    Google Scholar 

  33. ASTM D4253 (2000) Standard test methods for maximum index density and unit weight of soils using a vibratory table. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, pp 1–14

    Google Scholar 

  34. Ladd RS (1978) Preparing test specimens using under compaction. ASTM Geotech Test J 1(1):16–23

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Lama R (2014) Effects of addition of small percentages of fly ash on liquefaction characteristics of sand. M.S. thesis, Southern IllinoisUniversity Carbondale

  36. Thevanayagam S (1998) Effect of fines and confining stress on undrained shear strength of silty sands. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 124(6):479–491

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Thevanayagam S (2007) Intergrain contact density indices for granular mixes- I: framework. Earthq Eng Eng Vib 6(2):123–134

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Alberto Y, Towhata I (2018) Liquefaction potential of sand with non-plastic fines with the same depositional energy. Geotechnical earthquake engineering and soil dynamics. ASCE GSP 290 June 10–13, 2018, Austin

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, 1230 Lincoln Dr, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA

    P. K. Kolay, V. K. Puri, R. Lama Tamang, G. Regmi & S. Kumar

Authors
  1. P. K. Kolay
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. V. K. Puri
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. R. Lama Tamang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. G. Regmi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. S. Kumar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to P. K. Kolay.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Kolay, P.K., Puri, V.K., Lama Tamang, R. et al. Effects of Fly Ash on Liquefaction Characteristics of Ottawa Sand. Int. J. of Geosynth. and Ground Eng. 5, 6 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40891-019-0158-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40891-019-0158-x

Keywords

Search

Navigation