Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Increased Suicide Risk Among Older White Males

  • Intentional Violence (S Bonne and M Crandall, Section Editors)
  • Published:
Current Trauma Reports Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose of Review

As one of the leading causes of death worldwide, suicide has become an important public health concern. Several studies have evaluated key demographic factors such as age, gender, and race as increased risk factors for suicide. The goal of this review is to highlight elderly white males as a unique population at risk, as well as help shape future preventive efforts.

Recent Findings

Extensive literature review shows that many risk factors contribute to increased suicide rates in older white males. These may include the presence of mental illness, multiple medical conditions, family history, and occupation. In addition, there has been more evidence to suggest that social isolation and access to firearms as increasingly important suicide risk factors to consider, especially among older white males.

Summary

Increasing awareness of older white males as an at-risk group and focusing on minimizing social isolation and access to firearms may play significant roles in helping shape future preventative efforts relating to suicide.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: • Of importance •• Of major importance

  1. Stedman TL. Stedman’s medical dictionary. 27th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  2. World Health Organization. Suicide worldwide in 2019: Global Health Estimates. Geneva: Switzerland; 2021.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS). Leading Causes of Death Reports 1999 - 2019. Atlanta, GA. U.S department of Health and Human Services. 2020.

  4. GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators. Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet. 2016;388:1459.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Piscopo K, Lipari RN, Cooney J, Glasheen C. Suicidal thoughts and behavior among adults: Results from the 2015 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. NSDUH Data Review; Department of Health & Human Services, 2016.

  6. World Health Organization. Preventing Suicide: A Global Imperative. Geneva: Switzerland; 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Curtin SC, Hadegaard H. Suicide Rates for Females and Males by Race and Ethnicity: United States, 1999 and 2017. National Center for Health Statistics. Health E-States. 2019. These studies suggest recent findings suggesting older white males as at-risk individuals for suicide, especially given their relationship with increased social isolation and access to firearms. For individuals aged 45–65, the highest suicide rates were among those who were non-Hispanic white males.

  8. Haukka J, Suominen K, Partonen T, Lönnqvist J. Determinants and outcomes of serious attempted suicide: a nationwide study in Finland, 1996–2003. Am J Epidemiol. 2008;167:1155.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Litman RE. What do they have in mind?. In: Suicide: Understanding and Responding, Jacobs D, Brown HN (Eds), International Universities Press, 1989. p.143.

  10. Palmer BA, Pankratz VS, Bostwick JM. The lifetime risk of suicide in schizophrenia: a reexamination. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62:247.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Sareen J, Cox BJ, Afifi TO, et al. Anxiety disorders and risk for suicidal ideation and suicide attempts: a population-based longitudinal study of adults. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62:1249.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Crump C, Sundquist K, Sundquist J, Winkleby MA. Sociodemographic, psychiatric and somatic risk factors for suicide: a Swedish national cohort study. Psychol Med. 2014;44(2):279–89.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Racine M. Chronic pain and suicide risk: A comprehensive review. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2018;87:269.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Petrosky E, Harpaz R, Fowler KA, et al. Chronic Pain Among Suicide Decedents, 2003 to 2014: Findings From the National Violent Death Reporting System. Ann Intern Med. 2018;169:448.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Tang NKY, Crane C. Suicidality in chronic pain: a review of the prevalence, risk factors and psychological links. Psychol Med. 2006;36(5):575–86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Holland JC, Andersen B, Breitbart WS, et al. Distress management. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2013;11:190.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Andersen BL, DeRubeis RJ, Berman BS, et al. Screening, assessment, and care of anxiety and depressive symptoms in adults with cancer: an American Society of Clinical Oncology guideline adaptation. J Clin Oncol. 2014;32:1605.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Reducing suicide: A national imperative, Goldsmith SK, Pellmar TC, Kleinman AM, Bunney WE, editors. Institute of Medicine National Academies Press; 2002.

  19. Rostila M, Saarela J, Kawachi I. Suicide following the death of a sibling: a nationwide follow-up study from Sweden. BMJ Open 2013; 3.

  20. Egeland JA, Sussex JN. Suicide and family loading for affective disorders. JAMA. 1985;254:915.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Voracek M, Loibl LM. Genetics of suicide: a systemic review of twin studies. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2007;119(15–16):463–75.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Milner A, Spittal MJ, Pirkis J, LaMontagne AD. Suicide by occupation: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry. 2013;203:409.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. McIntosh WL, Spies E, Stone DM, et al. Suicide Rates by Occupational Group - 17 States, 2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2016;65:641.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Chang SS, Stuckler D, Yip P, Gunnell D. Impact of 2008 global economic crisis on suicide: time trend study in 54 countries. BMJ. 2013;17:347.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Calati R, Ferrari C, Brittner M, Oasi O, Olié E, Carvalho AF, Courtet P. Suicidal thoughts and behaviors and social isolation: A narrative review of the literature. J Affect Disord. 2019;245:653–67. These studies identify the roles of social isolation and firearms in increasing suicide risk. There is a strong association between suicidal outcomes and social constructs of isolation.

  26. Heuser C, Howe J. The relation between social isolation and increasing suicide rates in the elderly. Qual Ageing Older Adults 2019 Apr 10.

  27. Cudjoe TK, Roth DL, Szanton SL, Wolff JL, Boyd CM, Thorpe Jr RJ. The epidemiology of social isolation: National health and aging trends study. J Gerontol Ser B. 2020;75(1):107–13. Study results suggest that older adults in severe social isolation were more likely to be male and less likely to be black and Hispanic.

  28. Kyung-Sook W, SangSoo S, Sangjin S, Young-Jeon S. Marital status integration and suicide: A meta-analysis and meta-regression. Soc Sci Med. 2018;197:116.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Ojagbemi A, Oladeji B, Abiona T, Gureje O. Suicidal behaviour in old age-results from the Ibadan Study of Ageing. BMC Psychiatry. 2013;13(1):1–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Ajdacic-Gross V, Ring M, Gadola E, et al. Suicide after bereavement: an overlooked problem. Psychol Med. 2008;38:673.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Li G. The interaction effect of bereavement and sex on the risk of suicide in the elderly: an historical cohort study. Soc Sci Med. 1995;40(6):825–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Chang Q, Chan CH, Yip PS. A meta-analytic review on social relationships and suicidal ideation among older adults. Soc Sci Med. 2017;1(191):65–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Bennardi M, Caballero FF, Miret M, Ayuso-Mateos JL, Haro JM, Lara E, Arensman E, Cabello M. Longitudinal relationships between positive affect, loneliness, and suicide ideation: age-specific factors in a general population. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2019;49(1):90–103.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Kleiman EM, Liu RT. Social support as a protective factor in suicide: Findings from two nationally representative samples. J Affect Disord. 2013;150(2):540–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Van Wijngaarden E, Leget C, Goossensen A. Ready to give up on life: The lived experience of elderly people who feel life is completed and no longer worth living. Soc Sci Med. 2015;1(138):257–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Ivey-Stephenson AZ, Crosby AE, Jack SPD, et al. Suicide Trends Among and Within Urbanization Levels by Sex, Race/Ethnicity, Age Group, and Mechanism of Death - United States, 2001–2015. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2017;66:1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Malmberg A, Simkin S, Hawton K. Suicide in farmers. Br J Psychiatry. 1999;175(2):103–5.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Johnson RM, Coyne-Beasley T, Runyan CW. Firearm ownership and storage practices, US households, 1992–2002: A systematic review. Am J Prev Med. 2004;27(2):173–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Parker K, Horowitz J, Igielnik R, Oliphant B, Brown A. America’s complex relationship with guns: An in-depth look at the attitudes and experiences of US adults. Pew Res Center; 2017. Also, gun ownership has been shown to be highest among individuals who were men, white, and aged 50 and older.

  40. O’Donnell I, Farmer R, Catalán J. Explaining Suicide: The Views of Survivors of Serious Suicide Attempts. Br J Psychiatry. 1996;168(6):780–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Siegel M, Rothman EF. Firearm ownership and suicide rates among US men and women, 1981–2013. Am J Public Health. 2016;106(7):1316–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Anglemyer A, Horvath T, Rutherford G. The accessibility of firearms and risk for suicide and homicide victimization among household members: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2014;160:101.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Mann JJ, Michel CA. Prevention of Firearm Suicide in the United States: What Works and What Is Possible. Am J Psychiatry. 2016;173:969.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Kaufman EJ, Morrison CN, Branas CC, Wiebe DJ. State Firearm Laws and Interstate Firearm Deaths From Homicide and Suicide in the United States: A Cross-sectional Analysis of Data by County. JAMA Intern Med. 2018;178:692.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. World Health Organization. Live life: an implementation guide for suicide prevention in countries. 2021.

  46. O’Connor E, Gaynes B, Burda BU, et al. Screen for Suicide Risk in Primary Care: A Systemic Evidence Review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force [Internet]. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2013. (Evidence Syntheses, No. 103.)

  47. Crandall M, Eastman A, Violano P, Greene W, Allen S, Block E, Christmas AB, Dennis A, Duncan T, Foster S, Goldberg S. Prevention of firearm-related injuries with restrictive licensing and concealed carry laws: an Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma systematic review. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2016;81(5):952–60. There is also a significant association between restrictive licensing of firearms and reductions in injury.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Hannah Cortero.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

The authors of this article report no conflicts of interest.

Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent

This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This article is part of the Topical Collection on Intentional Violence

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Cortero, H., McCullom, W. & Kochuba, M. Increased Suicide Risk Among Older White Males. Curr Trauma Rep 8, 179–184 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40719-022-00233-5

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40719-022-00233-5

Keywords

Navigation