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Ultrasound Imaging of Nails in Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis

  • Comorbidities (E Husni, Section Editor)
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Opinion statement

Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a chronic inflammatory disease that may develop in 5–20% of individuals with psoriasis. Psoriasis (PsO) itself affects about 1 to 3% of the general population, with 10 to 55% of this population having some form of clinical nail involvement. Clinical studies have focused on the morphology of nails to determine the associations between the types of nail changes and the presence or severity of PsA. Imaging modalities have demonstrated that an association exists between the nail bed and matrix moving proximally to the distal phalanx, affecting the synovio-entheseal complex, and ultimately the development of distal interphalangeal (DIP) enthesitis. Ultrasound (US) is a noninvasive, operator-dependent, inexpensive imaging modality that can be easily performed in an outpatient setting. It has emerged and solidified its presence in rheumatology and now making its impact in the field of dermatology. The availability of high-frequency US equipment enables very sensitive visualization of blood flow at the dermal level. We describe the recent applications of US in the evaluation of the nail in both PsO and PsA. Early and late anatomical changes in the psoriatic nail can be assessed by ultrasound using gray-scale mode. Power Doppler (PD) provides the ability to detect increased flow in blood vessels of the nail bed of psoriatic nails as well as monitor its response to therapy. With advances in imaging technology, investigators are looking into factors that may predict the early development of PsA. Several studies have demonstrated that an increase in PD score in the nail bed and distal enthesitis are predictors of disease progression of early PsA. Additional prospective studies assessing the strength of correlation between US findings in the nail bed and matrix, nail clinical scoring systems, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and histologic findings are needed in order to better define the value of US in the evaluation of the nail in patients with PsO and PsA as an outcome measure.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Rheumatology, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, 375 Wampanoag Trail, Suite 302C, East Providence, RI, 02915, USA

    Joanne Szczygiel Cunha MD & Anthony M. Reginato PhD, MD

  2. Division of Rheumatology, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, 02908, RI, USA

    Joanne Szczygiel Cunha MD, Laura Amorese-O’Connell MD & Anthony M. Reginato PhD, MD

  3. Division of Musculoskeletal and Rheumatic Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Calzada Mexico-Xochimilco 289 Colonia Arenal de Guadalupe, 143898,, Mexico City, CP, Mexico

    Marwin Gutierrez MD

  4. Department of Dermatology, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, 02905, RI, USA

    Abrar A. Qureshi MD, MPH & Anthony M. Reginato PhD, MD

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  1. Joanne Szczygiel Cunha MD
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  2. Laura Amorese-O’Connell MD
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  3. Marwin Gutierrez MD
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Correspondence to Anthony M. Reginato PhD, MD.

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Dr. Joanne Szczygiel Cunha declares no conflicts of interest. Dr. Laura Amorese-O’Connell declares no conflicts of interest. Dr. Marwin Gutierrez no conflicts of interest. Dr. Abrar A. Qureshi declares no conflicts of interest. Dr. Anthony M. Reginato declares no conflicts of interest.

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Cunha, J.S., Amorese-O’Connell, L., Gutierrez, M. et al. Ultrasound Imaging of Nails in Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis. Curr Treat Options in Rheum 3, 129–140 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40674-017-0067-x

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