Skip to main content
Log in

A Review of Research Related to the POWR Intervention: a Communication Partner Intervention to Support Children with Neurodevelopmental Disorders

  • Communication Disorders (J Sigafoos, Section Editor)
  • Published:
Current Developmental Disorders Reports Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose of the Review

We review the evidence-based POWR intervention which provides training to communication partners to support children with complex communication needs (CCN) by teaching steps to support child communication: Prepare the activity and AAC, Offer opportunities for communication, Wait for the child’s communication, and Respond to child’s communication.

Recent Findings

POWR intervention studies show benefits for communication partners (increased communication opportunities, waiting, and responding) and the children with CCN (increased communication turns). Communication partners also found the POWR intervention to be socially valid.

Summary

The POWR intervention is effective and future research is being conducted to further refine it (e.g., adding coaching support, addition of AAC modeling), adjust for other languages and cultures, and explore its use and effectiveness with various communication partners.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: • Of importance •• Of major importance

  1. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 5th ed. Washington, DC: Author; 2013.

  2. • Biggs EE, Carter EW, Gilson CB. Systematic review of interventions involving aided AAC modeling for children with complex communication needs. Am J Intellect Dev Disabil. 2018;123:443–73. https://doi.org/10.1352/1944-7558-123.5.443. (This systematic review evaluated interventions involving the use of AAC modeling for children with CCN.)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. • Light J, McNaughton D, Caron J. New and emerging AAC technology supports for children with complex communication needs and their communication partners: State of the science and future research directions. Augment Altern Commun. 2019;35:26–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/07434618.2018.1557251. (This commentary provides an overview of AAC technologies for children with complex communication needs and where the field is moving in the future with new technologies.)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Koegel LK, Bryan KM, Su PL, Vaidya M, Camarata S. Definitions of nonverbal and minimally verbal in research for autism: a systematic review of the literature. J Autism Dev Dis. 2020;50:2957–72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-020-04402-w.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Carnett A, Martin C, Gevarter C. Evaluating augmentative and alternative communication modalities for individuals with developmental disabilities: a brief review of the last 5 years. Curr Dev Disord Rep. 2021;8:133–41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40474-021-00226-0.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Beukelman D, Light J. Augmentative and alternative communication for children and adults. 5th ed. Baltimore: Brookes; 2020.

    Google Scholar 

  7. • Ganz JB, Earles-Vollrath TL, Heath AK, Parker RI, Rispoli MJ, Duran JB. A meta-analysis of single case research studies on aided augmentative and alternative communication systems with individuals with autism spectrum disorders. J Autism Dev Disord. 2012;42:60–74. (This meta-analysis evaluates the use of AAC technologies to support communication for individual with ASD.)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. • Iacono T, Douglas SN, Garcia-Melgar A, Goldbart J. A scoping review of AAC research conducted in segregated school settings. Research in Developmental Disabilities in press.(This scoping review provides a summary of AAC research conducted in segregated school settings.)

  9. • Iacono T, Goldbart J, Douglas SN, Melga AG. The effectiveness of AAC systems in supporting inclusive school education.Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities in press. (This scoping review provides a summary of AAC research conducted in inclusive school settings.)

  10. • O’Neill T, Wilkinson KM. Preliminary investigation of the perspectives of parents of children with cerebral palsy on the supports, challenges, and realities of integrating augmentative and alternative communication into everyday life. Am J Speech Lang Pathol. 2020;29:238–54. https://doi.org/10.1044/2019_AJSLP-19-00103. (This study provides insights into the perspectives of parents of children with cerebral palsy related to the use of AAC.)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. • Douglas SN. Teaching paraeducators to support the communication of individuals who use augmentative and alternative communication: a literature review. Current Issues in Education 2012: 15. http://cie.asu.edu/ojs/index.php/cieatasu/article/view/906. Accessed 2/15/22. (This review looks into interventions where instruction was provided to paraeducators to support the communication of individuals who use AAC.)

  12. Johnston SS. Considering response efficiency in the selection and use of AAC systems. J Speech Lang Pathol Appl Behav Anal. 2006;1:193. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0100195.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. •• Sun T, Bowles RP, Douglas SN, Plavnick J. Response time of children with complex communication needs following a communication opportunity. Poster presented at the 2022 Biennial Conference on Research Innovations in Early Intervention; 2022 Feb; San Diego, CA. (This study uses survival analysis to understand the response time of children with CCN following a communication opportunity in preschool classrooms.)

  14. Mathis H, Sutherland D, McAuliffe M. The effect of pause time upon the communication interactions of young people who use augmentative and alternative communication. Int J Speech Lang Pathol. 2011;13:411–21. https://doi.org/10.3109/17549507.2011.524709.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Brady NC, Bruce S, Goldman A, Erickson K, Mineo B, Ogletree BT, et al. Communication services and supports for individuals with severe disabilities: guidance for assessment and intervention. Am J Intellect Dev Disabil. 2016;121:121–38. https://doi.org/10.1352/1944-7558-121.2.121.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Erickson KA, Geist LA. The profiles of students with significant cognitive disabilities and complex communication needs. Augment Altern Commun. 2016;32:187–97. https://doi.org/10.1080/07434618/2016.1213312.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. • Mandak K, Light J. Family-centered services for children with ASD and limited speech: the experiences of parents and speech-language pathologists. J Autism Dev Disord. 2018;48:1311–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-017-3241-y. (This study explores family centered services for children with ASD though the perspectives of parents and speech language pathologists.)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Sun T, Bowles RP, Douglas SN, Goodwin S. The perspectives and experience of AAC communication in Chinese-English speaking families. Poster presented at the 2022 International Conference on Autism, Intellectual Disability and Developmental Disabilities; 2022 Jan; Clearwater Beach, FL

  19. Walker VL, Lyon KJ, Loman SL, Sennott S. A systematic review of Functional Communication Training (FCT) interventions involving augmentative and alternative communication in school settings. Augment Altern Commun. 2018;34:118–29. https://doi.org/10.1080/07434618.2018.1461240.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. • Chung YC, Carter EW, Sisco LG. Social interactions of students with disabilities who use augmentative and alternative communication in inclusive classrooms. Am J Intellect Dev Disabil. 2012;117:349–67. https://doi.org/10.1352/1944-7558-117.5.349. (This observational study explored the social interactions in inclusive classrooms for children who use AAC.)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Cole-Lade GM, Bailey LE. Examining the role of paraeducators when supporting children with complex communication needs: a multiple case study. Teach Educ Spec Educ. 2020;43:144–61. https://doi.org/10.1177/0888406419852778.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Sievers SB, Trembath D, Westerveld M. A systematic review of predictors, moderators, and mediators of augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) outcomes for children with autism spectrum disorder. Augment Altern Commun. 2018;34:219–29. https://doi.org/10.1080/07434618.2018.1462849.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. •• Douglas SN, Gerde HK. A strategy to support the communication of students with autism spectrum disorder. Interv Sch Clin. 2019;55:32–8. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022466918771707. (This article details the POWR strategy as an approach educators can use to support the communication of children with ASD.)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. • Kent-Walsh J, Murza KA, Malanai MD, Binger C. Effects of communication partner instruction on the communication of individuals using AAC: a meta-analysis. Augment Altern Commun. 2015;31:271–84. https://doi.org/10.3109/07434618.2015.1052153. (This meta-analysis evaluated interventions provided to communication partners and their effect on communication partner behavior.)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. • Midtlin HS, Naess KB, Taxt T, Karlsen AV. What communication strategies do AAC users want their communication partners to use? A preliminary study. Disabil Rehabil. 2015;37:1260–7. https://doi.org/10.3109/09638288.2014.961659. (This qualitative study evaluated the communication strategies individuals who use AAC prefer their communication partners to use.)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Binger C, Maguire-Marshall M, Kent-Walsh J. Using aided AAC models, recasts, and contrastive targets to teach grammatical morphemes to children who use AAC. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2011;54:160–76. https://doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2010/09-0163).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Cress CJ, Marvin CA. Common questions about AAC services in early intervention. Augment Altern Commun. 2003;19:254–72. https://doi.org/10.1080/07434610310001598242.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. McCarthy J, Light J. Instructional effectiveness of an integrated theater arts program for children using augmentative and alternative communication and their nondisabled peers: Preliminary study. Augment Altern Commun. 2001;17:88–98. https://doi.org/10.1080/aac.17.2.88.98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Downing J, Hanreddy A, Peckham-Hardin KD. Teaching communication skills to students with severe disabilities. 3rd ed. Baltimore: Brookes; 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Binger C, Kent-Walsh J, Ewing C, Taylor S. Teaching educational assistants to facilitate multi-symbol message productions of young students who require AAC. Am J Speech Lang Pathol. 2010;19:108–20. https://doi.org/10.1044/1058-0360(2009/09-0015).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Calculator SN. Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) and inclusive education for students with the most severe disabilities. Int J Incl Educ. 2009;13:93–113. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603110701284656.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. •• Douglas SN, Light JC, McNaughton DB. Teaching paraeducators to support the communication of young children with complex communication needs. Top Early Child Spec Educ. 2013;33:91–101. https://doi.org/10.1177/0271121412467074. This single-case study evaluated the effects of in a person paraeducator training to support young children with CCN.

  33. •• Douglas SN, McNaughton DB, Light JC. Online training for paraeducators to support the communication of young children. J Early Interv. 2014;35:223–42. https://doi.org/10.1177/1053815114526782. (This single-case study evaluated the effects of an online paraeducator training intervention to support young children with CCN.)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. •• Douglas SN, Nordquist E, Kammes R, Gerde H. Online parent communication training for young children with complex communication needs. Infants Young Child. 2017;30:288–303. https://doi.org/10.1097/IYC.0000000000000101. (This single-case study evaluated the effects of an online parent training intervention to support young children with CCN.)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. •• Douglas SN, Kammes R, Nordquist E. Online communication training for parents of children with autism spectrum disorders. Commun Disord Q. 2018;39:415–25. https://doi.org/10.1177/1525740117727491. (This single-case study evaluated the effects of an online parent training intervention to support young children with ASD.)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. ••Douglas SN, Kammes R, Nordquist E, D’Agostino S. A pilot study to teach siblings to support children with complex communication needs. Commun Disord Q 2018: 39, 346–355. https://doi.org/10.1177/1525740117703366. (This single-case study evaluated the effects of a sibling training intervention to support interactions between typically developing children and their siblings with CCN.)

  37. Ledford JR, Gast DL. Single case research methodology: applications in special education and behavioral sciences. 3rd ed. New York: Routledge; 2018.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  38. Kent-Walsh J, McNaughton D. Communication partner instruction in AAC: Present practice and future directions. Augment Altern Commun. 2005;21:195–204. https://doi.org/10.1080/0743610400006646.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sarah N. Douglas.

Ethics declarations

Human and Animal Rights

Institutional board review and informed consent were obtained for all studies reported in this review.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This article is part Topical Collection on Communication Disorders

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Douglas, S.N., Dunkel-Jackson, S., Sun, T. et al. A Review of Research Related to the POWR Intervention: a Communication Partner Intervention to Support Children with Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Curr Dev Disord Rep 9, 45–52 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40474-022-00244-6

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40474-022-00244-6

Keywords

Navigation