Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Substance-Induced Psychosis: a Narrative Review

  • Published:
Current Addiction Reports Aims and scope Submit manuscript

  • 1 Altmetric

Abstract

Purpose of Review

Novel integrative reviews that give detail information regarding various psychoactive substances (PS) with ability of inducing psychosis in adults are lacking. This review aims to scope the latest knowledge about substance-induced psychosis (SIP) through the comprehensive review of the most common misused PS inducing psychosis.

Recent Findings

Epidemiological data on the prevalence of SIP are insufficiently harmonized, so clear conclusions for most PS can not be drawn. Etiological mechanisms include three pathophysiological mechanisms: the modulation of GABA transmission, NMDA antagonism, and effects on the monoaminergic system. Beside positive symptoms, PS may induce negative and cognitive symptoms. There are no uniform therapeutic guidelines for specific SIP, but some antipsychotics appear to be more effective than others. It is likely that the conversion rate of SIP to schizophrenia may be higher in the future because novel PS with a higher psychotic potential are increasingly being consumed.

Summary

This review presents epidemiological data, etiological mechanisms, details of clinical pictures, and treatment options for psychoses induced by specific PS.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Data Availability

Data sharing is not applicable to this paper as no new data were created in this paper.

References

Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: • Of importance •• Of major importance

  1. Fiorentini A, Cantù F, Crisanti C, Cereda G, Oldani L, Brambilla P. Substance-induced psychoses: an updated literature review. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:694863. Very important because it is updated literature review.

  2. Garson E, Castle DJ, George TP. Substance-induced psychosis: a narrative review. Curr Addict Rep. 2023;10:335–40. Provides a detailed overview of the latest insights on how to differentiate substance-induced psychosis and schizophrenia.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Thirthalli J, Benegal V. Psychosis among substance users. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2006;19(3):239–45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5™. 5th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.; 2013.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  5. World Health Organization. International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems,11th ed. Genève; 2019. https://icd.who.int/. Accessed 15 Jan 2023.

  6. Mauri MC, Di Pace C, Reggiori A, Paletta S, Colasanti A. Primary psychosis with comorbid drug abuse and drug-induced psychosis: diagnostic and clinical evolution at follow up. Asian J Psychiatr. 2017;29:117–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Starzer MSK, Nordentoft M, Hjorthøj C. Rates and predictors of conversion to schizophrenia or bipolar disorder following substance-induced psychosis. Am J Psychiatry. 2017;175:343–50. A register-based study with a large number of subjects investigated the convert rates of substance-induced psychosis to schizophrenia.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. European Drug Report: Trends and Developments 2022. https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications-database_en?f[0]=:404&f[1]=publication_type:404. Accessed 1 May 2023.

  9. Hjorthøj C, Madsen T, Starzer M, Erlangsen A, Nordentoft M. Mortality in substance-induced psychosis: a register-based national cohort study. Addiction. 2021;116(12):3515–24. A register-based study showing that substance-induced psychosis is associated with an increased mortality risk, even among cases who did not convert to schizophrenia.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Barbic D, Whyte M, Sidhu G, Luongo A, Stenstrom R, Chakraborty TA, et al. What is the risk of returning to the emergency department within 30 days for patients diagnosed with substance-induced psychosis? CJEM. 2022;24(7):702–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Ham S, Kim TK, Chung S, Im HI. Drug abuse and psychosis: new insights into drug-induced psychosis. Exp Neurobiol. 2017;26(1):11–24.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Paparelli A, Di Forti M, Morrison PD, Murray RM. Drug-induced psychosis: how to avoid star gazing in schizophrenia research by looking at more obvious sources of light. Front Behav Neurosci. 2011;5:1. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2011.00001.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Maremmani AG, Rovai L, Rugani F, Bacciardi S, Dell'Osso L, Maremmani I. Substance abuse and psychosis. The strange case of opioids. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2014;18(3):287–302.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Connor JP, Stjepanović D, Le Foll B, Hoch E, Budney AJ, Hall WD. Cannabis use and cannabis use disorder. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2021;7(1):16.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. Chong WW, Acar ZI, West ML, Wong F. A scoping review on the medical and recreational use of cannabis during the COVID-19 pandemic. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res. 2022;7(5):591–602.

  16. Hjorthøj C, Larsen MO, Starzer MSK, Nordentoft M. Annual incidence of cannabis-induced psychosis, other substance-induced psychoses and dually diagnosed schizophrenia and cannabis use disorder in Denmark from 1994 to 2016. Psychol Med. 2021;51(4):617–22. A register-based study demonstrating an increase in the incidence of cannabis-induced psychosis over a ten-year period.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Wilkinson ST, Radhakrishnan R, D'Souza DC. Impact of cannabis use on the development of psychotic disorders. Curr Addict Rep. 2014;1(2):115–28.

  18. Chesney E, Oliver D, McGuire P. Cannabidiol (CBD) as a novel treatment in the early phases of psychosis. Psychopharmacology. 2022;239(5):1179–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Sorkhou M, Bedder RH, George TP. The behavioral sequelae of cannabis use in healthy people: a systematic review. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:630247. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.630247.

  20. Pearson NT, Berry JH. Cannabis and psychosis through the Lens of DSM-5. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(21):4149. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214149.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Wainberg M, Jacobs GR, di Forti M, Tripathy SJ. Cannabis, schizophrenia genetic risk, and psychotic experiences: a cross-sectional study of 109,308 participants from the UK biobank. Transl Psychiatry. 2021;11(1):211.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Di Forti M, Quattrone D, Freeman TP, Tripoli G, Gayer-Anderson C, Quigley H, et al.; EU-GEI WP2 group. The contribution of cannabis use to variation in the incidence of psychotic disorder across Europe (EU-GEI): a multicentre case-control study. Lancet Psychiatry. 2019;6(5):427–36. A multinational study revealed that daily cannabis use increases the odds of psychotic disorder. The odds are higher with highly potent cannabis, according to the study.

  23. Woolridge SM, Wood-Ross C, Voleti R, Harrison GW, Berisha V, Bowie CR. A neuropsychological approach to differentiating cannabis-induced and primary psychotic disorders. Early Interv Psychiatry. 2023;17(6):564–72.

  24. Kendler KS, Ohlsson H, Sundquist J, Sundquist K. Prediction of onset of substance-induced psychotic disorder and its progression to schizophrenia in a Swedish National Sample. Am J Psychiatry. 2019;176:711–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Little R, D'Mello D. A cannabinoid hypothesis of schizophrenia: pathways to psychosis. Innov Clin Neurosci. 2022;19(7–9):38–43.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Caspi A, Moffitt TE, Cannon M, McClay J, Murray R, Harrington H, et al. Moderation of the effect of adolescent-onset cannabis use on adult psychosis by a functional polymorphism in the catechol-O-methyltransferase gene: longitudinal evidence of a gene X environment interaction. Biol Psychiatry. 2005;57:1117–27.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Hasan A, von Keller R, Friemel CM, Hall W, Schneider M, Koethe D, et al. Cannabis use and psychosis: a review of reviews. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2020;270(4):403–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Cohen K, Weinstein AM. Synthetic and non-synthetic cannabinoid drugs and their adverse effects-a review from public health prospective. Front Public Health. 2018;6:162.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Fattore L. Synthetic cannabinoids-further evidence supporting the relationship between cannabinoids and psychosis. Biol Psychiatry. 2016;79(7):539–48.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Krabseth HM, Tuv SS, Strand MC, Karinen RA, Wiik E, Vevelstad MS, et al. Novel psychoactive substances. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 2016;3(136):714–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Roberto AJ, Lorenzo A, Li KJ, Young J, Mohan A, Pinnaka S, et al. First-episode of synthetic cannabinoid-induced psychosis in a young adult, successfully managed with hospitalization and risperidone. Case Rep Psychiatry. 2016;2016:7257489. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/7257489.

  32. Murray RM, Quigley H, Quattrone D, Englund A, Di Forti M. Traditional marijuana, high-potency cannabis and synthetic cannabinoids: increasing risk for psychosis. World Psychiatry. 2016;15(3):195–204.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. Shah D, Chand P, Bandawar M, Benegal V, Murthy P. Cannabis induced psychosis and subsequent psychiatric disorders. Asian J Psychiatr. 2017;30:180–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Compton MT, Manseau M, editors. The complex connection between cannabis and schizophrenia. Academic Press; 2017. https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780128047910/the-complex-connection-between-cannabis-and-schizophrenia. Accessed 1 Sep 2023.

  35. Rentero D, Arias F, Sánchez-Romero S, Rubio G, Rodríguez-Jiménez R. Cannabis-induced psychosis: clinical characteristics and its differentiation from schizophrenia with and without cannabis use. Adicciones. 2021;33(2):95–108. English, Spanish

  36. Mills B, Yepes A, Nugent K. Synthetic cannabinoids. Am J Med Sci. 2015;350(1):59–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Tait RJ, Caldicott D, Mountain D, Hill SL, Lenton S. A systematic review of adverse events arising from the use of synthetic cannabinoids and their associated treatment. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2016;54(1):1–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Lappin JM, Sara GE. Psychostimulant use and the brain. Addiction. 2019;114(11):2065–77. An extensive and detailed review that comprehensively depicts all aspects of the negative impact of psychostimulant use on the nervous system.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Bramness JG, Rognli EB. Psychosis induced by amphetamines. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2016;29(4):236–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Lecomte T, Dumais A, Dugré JR, Potvin S. The prevalence of substance-induced psychotic disorder in methamphetamine misusers: a meta-analysis. Psychiatry Res. 2018;268:189–92. A meta-analysis revealed that 36.5% of those who misuse methamphetamines develop a psychotic disorder.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Huang CL, Tsai IJ, Lee CW. Risk of psychosis in illicit amphetamine users: a 10 year retrospective cohort study. Evidence-based Mental Health. 2022;25(4):163–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  42. Shalaby AS, Bahanan AO, Alshehri MH, Elag KA. Sleep deprivation & amphetamine induced psychosis. Psychopharmacol Bull. 2022;52(3):31–40.

  43. Roncero C, Daigre C, Grau-López L, Barral C, Pérez-Pazos J, et al. An international perspective and review of cocaine-induced psychosis: a call to action. Subst Abus. 2014;35(3):321–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Roncero C, Daigre C, Grau-López L, Rodríguez-Cintas L, Barral C, Pérez-Pazos J, et al. Cocaine-induced psychosis and impulsivity in cocaine-dependent patients. J Addict Dis. 2013;32(3):263–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Zerdazi EH, Curis E, Karsinti E, Icick R, Fortias M, Batel P, et al. Occurrence and severity of cocaine-induced hallucinations: two distinct phenotypes with shared clinical factors but specific genetic risk factors. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2022;232:109270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109270.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Moran LV, Ongur D, Hsu J, Castro VM, Perlis RH, Schneeweiss S. Psychosis with methylphenidate or amphetamine in patients with ADHD. N Engl J Med. 2019;380(12):1128–38. A study that showed the association between new-onset psychosis and the use of prescribed psychostimulants for the treatment of ADHD.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  47. Henning A, Kurtom M, Espiridion ED. A case study of acute stimulant-induced psychosis. Cureus. 2019;11(2):e4126. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.4126.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  48. Srisurapanont M, Likhitsathian S, Suttajit S, Maneeton N, Maneeton B, Oon-Arom A, et al. Efficacy and dropout rates of antipsychotic medications for methamphetamine psychosis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2021;219:108467. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108467.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Hajebi A, Amini H, Kashani L, Sharifi V. Twelve-month course and outcome of methamphetamine-induced psychosis compared with first episode primary psychotic disorders. Early Interv Psychiatry. 2018;12(5):928–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Mitchell DC, Knight CA, Hockenberry J, Teplansky R, Hartman TJ. Beverage caffeine intakes in the U.S. Food Chem Toxicol. 2014;63:136–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. World Health Organization. The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders: Mental and behavioural disorders due to use of other stimulants, including caffeine, 2019. https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/F15. Accessed 15 Apr 2023.

  52. World Health Organization. Eleventh Revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-11). Disorders due to use of caffeine, 2023. https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en#/http://id.who.int/icd/entity/31898480. Accessed 15 Apr 2023.

  53. Hearn JK, Reiff T, McBride AB, Kelly MB. Caffeine-induced psychosis and a review of statutory approaches to involuntary intoxication. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2020;48(3):376–83.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Hernandez-Huerta D, Martin-Larregola M, Gomez-Arnau J, Correas-Lauffer J, Dolengevich-Segal H. Psychopathology related to energy drinks: a psychosis case report. Case Rep Psychiatry. 2017;2017:5094608.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  55. Wang HR, Woo YS, Bahk WM. Caffeine-induced psychiatric manifestations: a review. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2015;30(4):179–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Ágoston C, Bernáth L, Rogers PJ, Demetrovics Z. Stress, caffeine and psychosis-like experiences-a double-blind, placebo-controlled experiment. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2022;37(3):e2828. https://doi.org/10.1002/hup.2828.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Lystrup RM, Leggit JC. Caffeine toxicity due to supplement use in caffeine--naïve individual: a cautionary tale. Mil Med. 2015;180(8):e936–40. https://doi.org/10.7205/MILMED-D-15-00045.

  58. Arrojo-Romero M, Armas Barbazán C, López-Moriñigo JD, Ramos-Ríos R, Gurpegui M, et al. Caffeine consumption in a long-term psychiatric hospital: tobacco smoking may explain in large part the apparent association between schizophrenia and caffeine use. Schizophr Res. 2015;164(1–3):234–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Krankl JT, Gitlin M. Caffeine-induced mania in a patient with caffeine use disorder: a case report. Am J Addict. 2015;24(4):289–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Hedges DW, Woon FL, Hoopes SP. Caffeine-induced psychosis. CNS Spectr. 2009;14(3):127–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Fluyau D, Revadigar N. Biochemical benefits, diagnosis, and clinical risks evaluation of Kratom. Front Psychiatry. 2017;8:62.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  62. Tavakoli HR, Buchholz AC, Kabir IK, Deb A, Gayk JN. Kratom: a new product in an expanding substance abuse market. Fed Pract. 2016;33(11):32–6.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  63. Swogger MT, Walsh Z. Kratom use and mental health: a systematic review. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2018;183:134–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Leong Bin Abdullah MFI, Singh D, Swogger MT, Rahim AA, Vicknasingam B. The prevalence of psychotic symptoms in kratom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.) users in Malaysia. Asian J Psychiatr. 2019;43:197–201.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Weiss ST, Douglas HE. Treatment of Kratom withdrawal and dependence with buprenorphine/naloxone: a case series and systematic literature review. J Addict Med. 2021;15(2):167–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Vijeepallam K, Pandy V, Kunasegaran T, Murugan DD, Naidu M. Mitragyna speciosa leaf extract exhibits antipsychotic-like effect with the potential to alleviate positive and negative symptoms of psychosis in mice. Front Pharmacol. 2016;7:464.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  67. Johnson LE, Balyan L, Magdalany A, Saeed F, Salinas R, Wallace S, et al. The potential for Kratom as an antidepressant and antipsychotic. Yale J Biol Med. 2020;93(2):283–9.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  68. Davis AK, Arterberry BJ, Xin Y, Agin-Liebes G, Schwarting C, Williams MT. Race, ethnic, and sex differences in prevalence of and trends in hallucinogen consumption among lifetime users in the United States between 2015 and 2019. Front Epidemiol. 2022;2:876706.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Shalit N, Rehm J, Lev-Ran S. Epidemiology of hallucinogen use in the U.S. results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions III. Addict Behav. 2019;89:35–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Liechti ME. Modern clinical research on LSD. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2017;42(11):2114–27. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2017.86.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  71. El-Khoury J, Sahakian N. The association of Salvia divinorum and psychotic disorders: a review of the literature and case series. J Psychoactive Drugs. 2015;47(4):286–92.

  72. De Gregorio D, Comai S, Posa L, Gobbi G. D-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) as a model of psychosis: mechanism of action and pharmacology. Int J Mol Sci. 2016;17(11):1953.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  73. Kelly JR, Gillan CM, Prenderville J, Kelly C, Harkin A, Clarke G, et al. Psychedelic therapy's transdiagnostic effects: a research domain criteria (RDoC) perspective. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:800072.

  74. Krebs TS, Johansen PØ. Psychedelics and mental health: a population study. PLoS One. 2013;8(8):e63972. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0063972.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  ADS  Google Scholar 

  75. Bender D, Hellerstein DJ. Assessing the risk-benefit profile of classical psychedelics: a clinical review of second-wave psychedelic research. Psychopharmacology. 2022;239(6):1907–32.

  76. Nutt D, Carhart-Harris R. The current status of psychedelics in psychiatry. JAMA Psychiatry. 2021;78(2):121–2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Beck K, Hindley G, Borgan F, Ginestet C, McCutcheon R, Brugger S, et al. Association of ketamine with psychiatric symptoms and implications for its therapeutic use and for understanding schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(5):e204693. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.4693.

  78. Saiz-Sapena N. Ketamine revisited - new insights into NMDA inhibitors. IntechOpen. 2022. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95733. Accessed 1 Mar 2023.

  79. Tsai YY, Yang HJ. Ketamine increases positive symptoms more than negative and cognitive ones: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Subst Use. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1080/14659891.2020.1766127.

  80. Wolf CJH, Beurmanjer H, Dijkstra BAG, Geerlings AC, Spoelder M, Homberg JR, et al. Characterization of the GHB withdrawal syndrome. J Clin Med. 2021;10:2333.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  81. Arunogiri S, Moayeri F, Crossin R, Killian JJ, Smith K, Scott D, et al. Trends in gamma-hydroxybutyrate-related harms based on ambulance attendances from 2012 to 2018 in Victoria, Australia Addiction. 2020;115:473–9.

  82. Sarkanen T, Niemelä V, Landtblom AM, Partinen M. Psychosis in patients with narcolepsy as an adverse effect of sodium. Front Neurol. 2014;5(136):1–5.

  83. Doyno CR, White CM. Sedative-hypnotic agents that impact gammaaminobutyric acid receptors: focus on flunitrazepam, gammahydroxybutyric acid, phenibut, and selank. J Clin Pharmacol. 2021;61:S114–28. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcph.1922.

  84. Buckley PJ, Wolf CT. Psychosis in a 22-year-old woman with narcolepsy after restarting sodium oxybate. Psychosomatics. 2018;59(3):298–301.

  85. Chien J, Ostermann G, Turkel SB. Sodium oxybate-induced psychosis and suicide attempt in an 18-year-old girl. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2013;23(4):300–1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Claussen MC, Hassanpour K, Jenewein J, Boettger S. Catatonic stupor secondary to gamma-hydroxy-acid (GHB) dependence and withdrawal syndrome. Psychiatr Danub. 2014;26(4):358–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Cagnin A, Pompanin S, Manfioli V, Briani C, Zambon A, Saladini M, et al. γ- Hydroxybutyric acid-induced psychosis and seizures. Epilepsy Behav. 2011;21(2):203–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Langford J, Gross WL. Psychosis in the context of sodium oxybate therapy. J Clin Sleep Med. 2011;7(6):665–6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  89. Kamal RM, van Noorden MS, Wannet W, Beurmanjer H, Dijkstra BA, Schellekens A. Pharmacological treatment in γ-Hydroxybutyrate (GHB) and γ-Butyrolactone (GBL) dependence: detoxification and relapse prevention. CNS Drugs. 2017;31(1):51–64.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Diestelmann M, Zangl A, Herrle I, Koch E, Graw M, Paul LD. MDPV in forensic routine cases: psychotic and aggressive behavior in relation to plasma concentrations. Forensic Sci Int. 2018;283:72–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Stevenson R, Tuddenham L. Novel psychoactive substance intoxication resulting in attempted murder. J Forensic Legal Med. 2014;25:60–1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  92. Weinstein AM, Rosca P, Fattore L, London ED. Synthetic cathinone and cannabinoid designer drugs pose a major risk for public health. Front Psychiatry. 2017;8:156. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00156.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  93. Bretteville-Jensen AL, Tuv SS, Bilgrei OR, Fjeld B, Bachs L. Synthetic cannabinoids and cathinones: prevalence and markets. Forensic Sci Rev. 2013;25(1–2):7–26.

  94. Chang HM, Huang MH, Pan CH, Chen LY. Psychiatric profiles and clinical manifestations of cathinone users: case series of analytically confirmed cathinone use in Taiwan. J Addict Addictv Disord. 2019;6:23.

  95. Oliver CF, Palamar JJ, Salomone A, Simmons SJ, Philogene-Khalid HL, Stokes-McCloskey N, Rawls SM. Synthetic cathinone adulteration of illegal drugs. Psychopharmacology. 2019;236:869–79.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Mas-Morey P, Visser MH, Winkelmolen L, Touw DJ. Clinical toxicology and management of intoxications with synthetic cathinones (“balt salts”). J Pharm Pract. 2013;26(4):353–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. SAMHSA. 2018 National Survey on drug use and health: methodological summary and definitions. Rockville, MD: Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2019. https://www.datafiles.samhsa.gov/. Accessed 1 Sept 2023.

  98. Vasilov A, Nandu B, Berman J. Treatment modules and therapeutic approaches for inhalant abuse: a case report. Psychiatr Ann. 2013;43(9):419–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  99. Narayanaswamy JC, Viswanath B, Ravi M, Muralidharan K. Inhalant dependence: data from a tertiary care center in South India. Indian. J Psychol Med. 2012;34(3):232–6.

    Google Scholar 

  100. Mustonen A, Niemelä S, McGrath JJ, Murray GK, Nordström T, Mäki P, et al. Adolescent inhalant use and psychosis risk - a prospective longitudinal study. Schizophr Res. 2018;201:360–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Sarkar S, Bhatia G, Dhawan A. Clinical practice guidelines for assessment and management of patients with substance intoxication presenting to the emergency department. Indian J Psychiatry. 2023;65(2):196–211.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  102. Wada K, Nakayama K, Koishikawa H, Katayama M, Hirai S, Yabana T, et al. Symptomatological structure of volatile solvent-induced psychosis: is "solvent psychosis" a discernible syndrome? Japanese Journal of Alcohol Studies and Drug Dependence. 2005;40(5):471–84.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Stein Y, Finkelstein Y, Levy-Nativ O, Bonne O, Aschner M, Richter ED. Exposure and susceptibility: schizophrenia in a young man following prolonged high exposures to organic solvents. Neurotoxicology. 2010;31(5):603–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

None.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University Psychiatric Hospital Vrapče, Bolnička cesta 32, 10 090, Zagreb, Croatia

    Lea Tomašić & Zrnka Kovačić Petrović

  2. School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Šalata 2, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia

    Mirta Peček & Zrnka Kovačić Petrović

Authors
  1. Lea Tomašić
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mirta Peček
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Zrnka Kovačić Petrović
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

L.T. was responsible for conceiving, designing, and planning the paper. The database literature search was done by L.T., M.P., and Z.K.P. L.T. and M.P. wrote the first draft of the article. L.T., M.P., and Z.K.P. critically revised the article for important intellectual content. L.T., M.P., and Z.K.P. approved the final version and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved. All authors approved the final version of the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Lea Tomašić.

Ethics declarations

Ethical Approval

This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Tomašić, L., Peček, M. & Petrović, Z.K. Substance-Induced Psychosis: a Narrative Review. Curr Addict Rep 11, 55–67 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-023-00528-w

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-023-00528-w

Keywords

Search

Navigation