Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Clinical Course and Relapse among Adolescents Presenting for Treatment of Substance Use Disorders: Recent Findings

  • Adolescent/Young Adult Addiction (T Chung, Section Editor)
  • Published:
Current Addiction Reports Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose of Review

This narrative review provides a 10-year update of an earlier review of empirical literature examining the clinical course of substance use disorders (SUDs) for adolescents seeking treatment. It begins with a conceptualization of SUD clinical course after treatment initiation as multi-dimensional, including processes of remission, relapse, and recovery. Next, theory development and research on predictors of clinical course are summarized.

Recent Findings

Despite movement in theoretical models from a focus on either discrete outcomes (e.g., return to any use) or processes (e.g., return to problematic use) toward conceptualizing SUD clinical course as multifaceted (e.g., including aspects of functioning), a review of 59 studies (not all independent samples) indicated that most empirical research focused on single-dimension outcome variables (i.e., substance use only) with limited theory specifically on processes of behavior change guiding research.

Summary

Our findings suggest that research is needed to advance theory and understanding of behavior change and maintenance after treatment initiation. Future research may benefit from both conceptualizing this line of research within an addiction Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) framework and an evolving bio-psychosocial model, and from employing more intensive data collection methods, which would allow for examination of the change processes over different time scales.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: •Of importance ••Of major importance

  1. •• Chung T, Maisto SA. Relapse to alcohol and other drug use in treated adolescents: review and reconsideration of relapse as a change point in clinical course. Clin Psychol Rev. 2006;26(2):149–61. The previous review on adolescent SUD clinical course examined relapse rates as well as differential predictive validity based on relapse definition. The review highlighted the need to consider relapse in the context of longer-term clinical course of SUD.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Hennessy EA, Glaude MW, Finch AJ. ‘Pickle or a cucumber?’ Administrator and practitioner views of successful adolescent recovery. Addict Res Theory. 2016;25(3):208–15.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Nash A, Collier C. The alternative peer group: a developmentally appropriate recovery support model for adolescents. J Addict Nurs. 2016;27(2):109–19.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Fonagy P, Cottrell D, Phillips J, Bevington D, Glaser D, Allison E. What works for whom? A critical review of treatments for children and adolescents, 2nd ed. New York, NY, US: Guilford Press; 2015.

  5. •• Frank E, Prien RF, Jarrett RB, Keller MB, Kupfer DJ, Lavori PW, et al. Conceptualization and rationale for consensus definitions of terms in major depressive disorder: remission, recovery, relapse, and recurrence. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1991;48(9):851–5. The authors proposed a framework for studying the clinical course of depressive disorders, including defining 5 change points: relapse, remission, response, recovery, and recurrence.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. •• Maisto SA, Witkiewitz K, Moskal D, Wilson AD. Is the construct of relapse heuristic, and does it advance alcohol use disorder clinical practice? J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2016;77(6):849-58. A recent review on adult SUD clinical course highlighted the variability in the definition and operationalization of relapse in the literature.

  7. Smyth BP, Barry J, Keenan E, Ducray K. Lapse and relapse following inpatient treatment of opiate dependence. Ir Med J. 2010;103(6):176–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Klein JA. Predictors of recovery in adolescents with alcohol and chemical addictions enrolled in a recovery school system. US: ProQuest Information & Learning; 2007.

  9. Lanham CC. Lessons in sobriety: an exploratory study of a recovery high school and its graduates. US: ProQuest Information & Learning; 2011.

  10. Lopes-Rosa R, Kessler FP, Pianca TG, Guimaraes L, Ferronato P, Pagnussat E, et al. Predictors of early relapse among adolescent crack users. J Addict Dis. 2017;36(2):136–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Pivovar L. Predictors that influence relapse and recovery among adolescent substance abusers post-treatment. Doctoral dissertation, The Chicago School of Professional Psychology; 2015.

  12. Wang L-J, Lu S-F, Chong M-Y, Chou W-J, Hsieh Y-L, T-n T, et al. A family-oriented therapy program for youths with substance abuse: long-term outcomes related to relapse and academic or social status. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2016;12

  13. Moore JC. Historic crime type and treatment setting as risk factors for abuse relapse by adolescents. Doctoral dissertation, The Chicago School of Professional Psychology; 2014.

  14. Ramo DE, Myers MG, Brown SA. Self-efficacy mediates the relationship between depression and length of abstinence after treatment among youth but not among adults. Subst Use Misuse. 2010;45(13):2301–22.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. Ramo DE, Brown SA. Classes of substance abuse relapse situations: a comparison of adolescents and adults. Psychol Addict Behav. 2008;22(3):372–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Ramo DE, Prince MA, Roesch SC, Brown SA. Variation in substance use relapse episodes among adolescents: a longitudinal investigation. J Subst Abus Treat. 2012;43(1):44–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. • Pagano ME, Wang AR, Rowles BM, Lee MT, Johnson BR. Social anxiety and peer helping in adolescent addiction treatment. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2015;39(5):887–95. The authors investigated the association between Social Anxiety Disorder, peer helping during 12-step treatment, and relapse. Results suggested that adolescents with Social Anxiety Disorder are more likely to participate in peer-helping activities during treament, which is associated with reduced relapse rates 6 months post-treatment.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Godley SH, Passetti LL, Funk RR, Garner BR, Godley MD. One-year treatment patterns and change trajectories for adolescents participating in outpatient treatment for the first time. J Psychoactive Drugs. 2008;40(1):17–28.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Branson CE, Clemmey P, Harrell P, Subramaniam G, Fishman M. Polysubstance use and heroin relapse among adolescents following residential treatment. J Child Adolesc Subst Abuse. 2012;21(3):204–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Ciesla JR. Evaluating the risk of relapse for adolescents treated for substance abuse. Addict Disord Their Treat. 2010;9(2):87–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Ciesla JR, Valle M, Spear SF. Measuring relapse after adolescent substance abuse treatment: a proportional hazard approach. Addict Disord Their Treat. 2008;7(2):87–97.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Babbin SF, Stanger C, Scherer EA, Budney AJ. Identifying treatment response subgroups for adolescent cannabis use. Addict Behav. 2016;59:72–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Gonzales R, Ang A, Murphy DA, Glik DC, Anglin MD. Substance use recovery outcomes among a cohort of youth participating in a mobile-based texting aftercare pilot program. J Subst Abus Treat. 2014;47(1):20–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Anderson KG, Ramo DE, Schulte MT, Cummins K, Brown SA. Substance use treatment outcomes for youth: integrating personal and environmental predictors. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2007;88(1):42–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Anderson KG, Ramo DE, Schulte MT, Cummins K, Brown SA. Impact of relapse predictors on psychosocial functioning of SUD youth one year after treatment. Subst Abus. 2008;29(2):97–105.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. • Ramo DE, Myers MG, Brown SA. Psychometric properties of a revised form of the Drug-Taking Confidence Questionnaire for use with adolescents. J Child Adolesc Subst Abuse. 2009;18(1):24–42. The authors applied the Youth Relapse Model as the basis for a test of coping self-efficacy as a predictor of relapse at 6 months following discharge in one of the few non-secondary data analyses present in the literature on adolescent SUD clinical course.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Nash A. The alternative peer group: what can ‘winners’ from this program teach us about recovery from adolescent substance use disorder? US: ProQuest Information & Learning; 2013.

  28. Ramchand R, Griffin BA, Suttorp M, Harris KM, Morral A. Using a cross-study design to assess the efficacy of motivational enhancement therapy-cognitive behavioral therapy 5 (MET/CBT5) in treating adolescents with cannabis-related disorders. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2011;72(3):380–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Godley SH, Hedges K, Hunter B. Gender and racial differences in treatment process and outcome among participants in the adolescent community reinforcement approach. Psychol Addict Behav. 2011;25(1):143–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. King S, McChargue D. Adolescent substance use treatment: the moderating effects of psychopathology on treatment outcomes. J Addict Dis. 2014;33(4):366–75.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Smith DC, Godley SH, Godley MD, Dennis ML. Adolescent community reinforcement approach outcomes differ among emerging adults and adolescents. J Subst Abus Treat. 2011;41(4):422–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. • Smith DC, Tabb KM, Fisher D, Cleeland L. Drug refusal skills training does not enhance outcomes of African American adolescents with substance use problems. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2014;46(2):274–9. The authors tested the interaction of race and drug refusal skills training as a predictor of relapse following participation in an Adolescent Community Reinforcement Approach program. Analyses suggested that the interaction between race and drug refusal skills training was not a significant predictor of relapse, and that exposure to Adolescent Community Reinforcement Approach procedures overall was a better predictor of outcomes.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Godley MD, Godley SH, Dennis ML, Funk RR, Passetti LL, Petry NM. A randomized trial of assertive continuing care and contingency management for adolescents with substance use disorders. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2014;82(1):40–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Agosti V, Levin FR. One-year postreatment outcome of cannabis-dependent adolescents. Addict Disord Their Treat. 2007;6(2):61–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Anderson KG, Ramo DE, Brown SA. Life stress, coping and comorbid youth: an examination of the stress-vulnerability model for substance relapse. J Psychoactive Drugs. 2006;38(3):255–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Balsa AI, Homer JF, French MT, Weisner CM. Substance use, education, employment, and criminal activity outcomes of adolescents in outpatient chemical dependency programs. J Behav Health Serv Res. 2009;36(1):75–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Becker SJ, Stein GL, Curry JF, Hersh J. Ethnic differences among substance-abusing adolescents in a treatment dissemination project. J Subst Abus Treat. 2012;42(3):328–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Bertrand K, Richer I, Brunelle N, Beaudoin I, Lemieux A, Ménard J-M. Substance abuse treatment for adolescents: how are family factors related to substance use change? J Psychoactive Drugs. 2013;45(1):28–38.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Breda CS, Heflinger CA. The impact of motivation to change on substance use among adolescents in treatment. J Child Adolesc Subst Abuse. 2007;16(3):109–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Britton WB, Bootzin RR, Cousins JC, Hasler BP, Peck T, Shapiro SL. The contribution of mindfulness practice to a multicomponent behavioral sleep intervention following substance abuse treatment in adolescents: a treatment-development study. Subst Abus. 2010;31(2):86–97.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Buckheit K, Moskal D, Spinola S, Maisto SA, Chung T. Alcohol treatment goal choice predicts longitudinal drinking outcomes in adolescent substance users. J Child Adolesc Subst Abuse. 2017:1–10.

  42. Burleson JA, Kaminer Y, Dennis ML. Absence of iatrogenic or contagion effects in adolescent group therapy: findings from the Cannabis youth treatment (CYT) study. Am J Addict. 2006;15(s1):4–15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Chi FW, Kaskutas LA, Sterling S, Campbell CI, Weisner C. Twelve-step affiliation and 3-year substance use outcomes among adolescents: social support and religious service attendance as potential mediators. Addiction. 2009;104(6):927–39.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  44. Chi FW, Sterling S, Campbell CI, Weisner C. 12-step participation and outcomes over 7 years among adolescent substance use patients with and without psychiatric comorbidity. Subst Abus. 2013;34(1):33–42.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  45. Chung T, Pajtek S, Clark DB. White matter integrity as a link in the association between motivation to abstain and treatment outcome in adolescent substance users. Psychol Addict Behav. 2013;27(2):533–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Crane AN. Residential treatment for adolescents with substance use disorders: an investigation of treatment outcomes and family variables. Athens: Ohio University; 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  47. de Dios MA, Vaughan EL, Stanton CA, Niaura R. Adolescent tobacco use and substance abuse treatment outcomes. J Subst Abus Treat. 2009;37(1):17–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Diamond GS, Liddle HA, Wintersteen MB, Dennis ML, Godley SH, Tims F. Early therapeutic alliance as a predictor of treatment outcome for adolescent cannabis users in outpatient treatment. Am J Addict. 2006;15(Suppl 1):26–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Dingwall KM, Maruff P, Clough AR, Cairney S. Factors associated with continued solvent use in indigenous petrol sniffers following treatment. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2012;31(1):40–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Dow SJ, Kelly JF. Listening to youth: adolescents’ reasons for substance use as a unique predictor of treatment response and outcome. Psychol Addict Behav. 2013;27(4):1122–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Edelen MO, Tucker JS, Wenzel SL, Paddock SM, Ebener P, Dahl J, et al. Treatment process in the therapeutic community: associations with retention and outcomes among adolescent residential clients. J Subst Abus Treat. 2007;32(4):415–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Gangi J, Darling CA. Adolescent substance-use frequency following self-help group attendance and outpatient substance abuse treatment. J Child Adolesc Subst Abuse. 2012;21(4):293–309.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Garner BR, Godley MD, Funk RR, Dennis ML, Godley SH. The impact of continuing care adherence on environmental risks, substance use, and substance-related problems following adolescent residential treatment. Psychol Addict Behav. 2007;21(4):488–97.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Garner BR, Funk RR, Hunter BD. The relationship between clinician turnover and adolescent treatment outcomes: an examination from the client perspective. J Subst Abus Treat. 2013;44(4):444–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Garner BR, Godley MD, Passetti LL, Funk RR, White WL. Recovery support for adolescents with substance use disorders: the impact of recovery support telephone calls provided by pre-professional volunteers. J Subst Abus Alcohol. 2014;2(2):1010.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  56. Garner BR, Hunter BD, Smith DC, Smith JE, Godley MD. The relationship between child maltreatment and substance abuse treatment outcomes among emerging adults and adolescents. Child Maltreat. 2014;19(3–4):261–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  57. Godley SH, Hunter BD, Fernández-Artamendi S, Smith JE, Meyers RJ, Godley MD. A comparison of treatment outcomes for adolescent community reinforcement approach participants with and without co-occurring problems. J Subst Abus Treat. 2014;46(4):463–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Joe GW, Kalling Knight D, Becan JE, Flynn PM. Recovery among adolescents: models for post-treatment gains in drug abuse treatments. J Subst Abus Treat. 2014;46(3):362–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Kelly JF, Brown SA, Abrantes A, Kahler CW, Myers M. Social recovery model: an 8-year investigation of adolescent 12-step group involvement following inpatient treatment. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2008;32(8):1468–78.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  60. Kelly JF, Dow SJ, Yeterian JD, Kahler CW. Can 12-step group participation strengthen and extend the benefits of adolescent addiction treatment? A prospective analysis. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2010;110(1–2):117–25.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  61. Kelly JF, Pagano ME, Stout RL, Johnson SM. Influence of religiosity on 12-step participation and treatment response among substance-dependent adolescents. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2011;72(6):1000–11.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  62. Kelly JF, Urbanoski K. Youth recovery contexts: the incremental effects of 12-step attendance and involvement on adolescent outpatient outcomes. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2012;36(7):1219–29.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  63. Kelly JF, Yeterian JD, Cristello JV, Kaminer Y, Kahler CW, Timko C. Developing and testing twelve-step facilitation for adolescents with substance use disorder: manual development and preliminary outcomes. Subst Abuse. 2016;10:55–64.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  64. King KM, Chung T, Maisto SA. Adolescents’ thoughts about abstinence curb the return of marijuana use during and after treatment. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2009;77(3):554–65.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  65. Krentzman AR, Battle D, Pagano ME, Andrade FH, Bradley JC, Delva J, et al. The role of religiousness on substance-use disorder treatment outcomes: a comparison of black and white adolescents. J Soc Social Work Res. 2012;3(3):113–28.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  66. Lee MT, Veta PS, Johnson BR, Pagano ME. Daily spiritual experiences and adolescent treatment response. Alcohol Treat Q. 2014;32(2–3):271–98.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Lee MT, Pagano ME, Johnson BR, Post SG. Love and service in adolescent addiction recovery. Alcohol Treat Q. 2016;34(2):197–222.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  68. Sealock MD, Manasse M. An uneven playing field: the impact of strain and coping skills on treatment outcomes for juvenile offenders. J Crim Justice. 2012;40(3):238–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Spinola S, Park A, Maisto SA, Chung T. Motivation precedes goal setting in prediction of cannabis treatment outcomes in adolescents. J Child Adolesc Subst Abuse. 2016;26(2):132–40.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  70. Stanger C, Budney AJ, Kamon JL, Thostensen J. A randomized trial of contingency management for adolescent marijuana abuse and dependence. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2009;105(3):240–7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  71. Subramaniam GA, Stitzer MA, Clemmey P, Kolodner K, Fishman MJ. Baseline depressive symptoms predict poor substance use outcome following adolescent residential treatment. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007;46(8):1062–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Tamm L, Adinoff B, Nakonezny PA, Winhusen T, Riggs P. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder subtypes in adolescents with comorbid substance-use disorder. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2012;38(1):93–100.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Watson JA, Greene MC, Kelly JF. Outpatient alcohol and drug treatment for adolescents with co-occurring conduct disorder. Alcohol Treat Q. 2014;32(4):393–415.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. • White MK. Social markers of maturation and the transition to young adulthood: the life courses of adolescent substance users after treatment. US: ProQuest Information & Learning; 2007. The author investigated social maturation markers as predictors of substance use outcomes and compared alternative models based on three different theories: the Adolescent Developmental Pathways theory, Cumulative Stress theory, and Precocious Development theory. Results supported the Adolescent Developmental Pathways theory and change in social environment was the leading predictor of substance use outcomes.

  75. Williams JK, Smith DC, An H, Hall JA. Clinical outcomes of traumatized youth in adolescent substance abuse treatment: a longitudinal multisite study. J Psychoactive Drugs. 2008;40(1):77–84.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Williams JK, Smith DC, Gotman N, Sabri B, An H, Hall JA. Traumatized youth and substance abuse treatment outcomes: a longitudinal study. J Trauma Stress. 2008;21(1):100–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Winters KC, Stinchfield RD, Latimer WW, Stone A. Internalizing and externalizing behaviors and their association with the treatment of adolescents with substance use disorder. J Subst Abus Treat. 2008;35(3):269–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. Yeterian JD, Bursik K, Kelly JF. Religiosity as a predictor of adolescents’ substance use disorder treatment outcomes. Subst Abus. 2014;36(4):453–61.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  79. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. DSM-5: Fifth edition. Arlington: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. Treatment episode data set (TEDS): 2004–2014. National Admissions to substance abuse treatment services. BHSIS Series S-84, HHS Publication No. (SMA) 16–4986. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2016.

  81. Masterman PW, Kelly AB. Reaching adolescents who drink harmfully: fitting intervention to developmental reality. J Subst Abus Treat. 2003;24(4):347–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  82. Tanner-Smith EE, Steinka-Fry KT, Hennessy EA, Lipsey MW, Winters KC. Can brief alcohol interventions for youth also address concurrent illicit drug use? Results from a meta-analysis. J Youth Adolesc. 2015;44(5):1011–23.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  83. van der Pol TM, Hoeve M, Noom MJ, Stams GJJ, Doreleijers TA, Domburgh L, et al. Research review: the effectiveness of multidimensional family therapy in treating adolescents with multiple behavior problems—a meta-analysis. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2017;58(5):532–45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Fisher EA. Recovery supports for young people: what do existing supports reveal about the recovery environment? Peabody J Educ. 2014;89(2):258–70.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  85. McKay JR. Continuing care research: what we have learned and where we are going. J Subst Abus Treat. 2009;36(2):131–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  86. Kaskutas LA, Borkman TJ, Laudet A, Ritter LA, Witbrodt J, Subbaraman MS, et al. Elements that define recovery: the experiential perspective. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2014;75(6):999–1010.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  87. Krentzman AR. Review of the application of positive psychology to substance use, addiction, and recovery research. Psychol Addict Behav. 2013;27(1):151–65.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Cuthbert BN, Kozak MJ. Constructing constructs for psychopathology: the NIMH research domain criteria; 2013.

  89. White W. An addiction recovery glossary: the languages of American communities of recovery. First posted at http://www.bhrm.org2002/.

  90. Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, Mulrow C, Gotzsche PC, Ioannidis JP, et al. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate healthcare interventions: explanation and elaboration. PLoS Med. 2009;339:e1000100.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  91. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med. 2009;6(7):e1000097.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  92. Brown SA, Myers MG, Lippke L, Tapert SF, Stewart DG, Vik PW. Psychometric evaluation of the customary drinking and drug use record (CDDR): a measure of adolescent alcohol and drug involvement. J Stud Alcohol. 1998;59(4):427–38.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Sobell LC, Sobell MB. Timeline follow-back. Measuring alcohol consumption: Springer; 1992. p. 41–72.

    Google Scholar 

  94. Dennis ML, Titus JC, White MK, Unsicker JI, Hodgkins D. Global appraisal of individual needs: administration guide for the GAIN and related measures. Chestnut Health Systems: Bloomington, IL; 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  95. Donohue B, Hill HH, Azrin NH, Cross C, Strada MJ. Psychometric support for contemporaneous and retrospective youth and parent reports of adolescent marijuana use frequency in an adolescent outpatient treatment population. Addict Behav. 2007;32(9):1787–97.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Godley MD, Godley SH, Dennis ML, Funk R, Passetti LL. Preliminary outcomes from the assertive continuing care experiment for adolescents discharged from residential treatment. J Subst Abus Treat. 2002;23(1):21–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  97. Mutter R, Ali M, Strashny A. Profile of adolescent discharges from substance abuse treatment. In: The CBHSQ Report. Rockville (MD): Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US); 2015.

  98. Weisner C. Implications of an alcohol addiction RDoC for delivery science research and clinical care. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2015;39(4):593.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Lilienfeld SO. The research domain criteria (RDoC): an analysis of methodological and conceptual challenges. Beh Res Ther. 2014;62:129–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  100. Maisto SA, Kirouac M, Witkiewitz K. Alcohol use disorder clinical course research: informing clinicians’ treatment planning now and in the future. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2014;75(5):799–807.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Dr. Tammy Chung for her very helpful comments on an earlier draft of this manuscript.

Funding

Preparation of this manuscript was supported by Grant 2K05 AA16928 from the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism.

Author information

Author notes

  1. Katherine A. Buckheit, Dezarie Moskal and Suzanne Spinola contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA

    Katherine A. Buckheit, Dezarie Moskal, Suzanne Spinola & Stephen A. Maisto

Authors
  1. Katherine A. Buckheit
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Dezarie Moskal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Suzanne Spinola
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Stephen A. Maisto
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Stephen A. Maisto.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent

This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.

Additional information

This article is part of the Topical Collection on Adolescent/Young Adult Addiction

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Buckheit, K.A., Moskal, D., Spinola, S. et al. Clinical Course and Relapse among Adolescents Presenting for Treatment of Substance Use Disorders: Recent Findings. Curr Addict Rep 5, 174–191 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-018-0209-8

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-018-0209-8

Keywords

Search

Navigation