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Risk and Protective Factors for Substance Use Among Sexual and Gender Minority Youth: a Scoping Review

  • Adolescent/Young Adult Addiction (T Chung, Section Editor)
  • Published:
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Abstract

Purpose of Review

Alcohol and drug use are common among youth. Rates are especially high among sexual and gender minority youth (SGMY; lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender). We conducted a scoping review of research on risk and protective factors for substance use among SGMY published between 2013 and 2017.

Recent Findings

Ninety-seven studies met our inclusion criteria. Most focused on individual-level minority stress risk factors, particularly stigma. Fewer studies addressed protective factors such as social support or affirming policies, and few focused on gender minority youth (GMY). We identified important, yet understudied differences by race/ethnicity, sex assigned at birth, and sexual orientation.

Summary

Findings highlight growing interest in this topic as well as methodological/topical gaps in the literature. Research is needed to examine SGMY substance use in nationally representative samples; expand information about GMY; investigate racial/ethnic and sex/gender differences; improve measurement; and increase translation of findings to support prevention and treatment interventions for this at-risk population.

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Abbreviations

GMY:

gender minority youth

HED:

heavy episodic drinking

IPV:

intimate partner violence

PTSD:

post-traumatic stress disorder

SGMY:

sexual and gender minority youth

SMM:

sexual minority men

SMW:

sexual minority women

SMY:

sexual minority youth

US:

United States

YRBSS:

Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System

References

Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: • Of importance •• Of major importance

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank the many researchers whose primary findings contributed to this review.

Funding

Dr. Kidd’s participation in this research was made possible through a training grant from the National Institute on Drug Abuse (T32-DA007294-24, PI Dr. Frances Levin). Dr. Jackman is partially supported by a grant from the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (3R01AA013328-11, PI: Dr. Tonda Hughes). Dr. Margaret Wolff’s participation was made possible through a training grant from the National Institute for Mental Health (T32 MH019139; PI: Theodorus Sandfort) at the HIV Center for Clinical and Behavioral Studies at the New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University (P30-MH43520; Center PI: Robert Remien, Ph.D.). Dr. Veldhuis’ participation in this research was made possible through an NIH/NIAAA Ruth Kirschstein Postdoctoral Research Fellowship (F32AA025816; PI C. Veldhuis). Dr. Hughes is currently funded by a grant from the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (3R01AA013328-11).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division on Substance Use Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University/New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, Unit 66, New York, NY, 10032, USA

    Jeremy D. Kidd

  2. School of Nursing, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA

    Kasey B. Jackman & Cindy B. Veldhuis

  3. HIV Center for Clinical and Behavioral Studies; Division of Gender, Sexuality, and Health, Columbia University/New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA

    Margaret Wolff

  4. School of Nursing and Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA

    Tonda L. Hughes

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  1. Jeremy D. Kidd
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  2. Kasey B. Jackman
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  3. Margaret Wolff
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  4. Cindy B. Veldhuis
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  5. Tonda L. Hughes
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Correspondence to Jeremy D. Kidd.

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This article is part of the Topical Collection on Adolescent/Young Adult Addiction

Appendix. Search Terms and Syntax by Database

Appendix. Search Terms and Syntax by Database

PUBMED

Sexual orientation/gender identity terms

Gay [TIAB] OR Men who have sex with men [TIAB] OR MSM [TIAB] OR Homosexual* [TIAB] OR Lesbian [TIAB] OR Women who have sex with women [TIAB] OR WSW [TIAB] OR Bisexual* [TIAB] OR MSMW [TIAB] OR WSWM [TIAB] OR Transgender [TIAB] OR Transsexual* [TIAB] OR Gender nonconforming [TIAB] OR Gender non-conforming [TIAB] OR Gender variant [TIAB] OR Gender-variant [TIAB] OR Nonbinary [TIAB] OR Non-binary [TIAB] OR Genderqueer [TIAB] OR Gender queer [TIAB] OR Female-to-male [TIAB] OR FTM [TIAB] OR Male-to-female [TIAB] OR MTF [TIAB] OR Transmasculine [TIAB] OR Transfeminine [TIAB] OR Gender identity [TIAB] OR Gender dysphoria [TIAB] OR Gender identity disorder [TIAB] OR Sexual minorit* [TIAB] OR gender minorit* [TIAB] OR LGBT* [TIAB] OR LGB [TIAB] OR Queer [TIAB] OR Homosexual male [TIAB] OR Homosexual female [TIAB] OR Homosexual men [TIAB] OR Homosexual women [TIAB] OR Mostly heterosexual women [TIAB] OR Mostly heterosexual men [TIAB] OR Same-sex attraction [TIAB] OR Sexual orientation [TIAB] OR Sexual identity [TIAB] OR Sexual Minorities [MeSH Terms] OR Transgender Persons [MeSH Terms] OR Bisexuality [MeSH Terms] OR Transsexualism [MeSH Terms] OR Homosexuality [MeSH Terms] OR Homosexuality, Female [MeSH Terms] OR Homosexuality, Male [MeSH Terms] OR Homophobia [MeSH Terms] OR Health Services for Transgender Persons [MeSH Terms]

Alcohol/drug use terms

Alcohol* [TIAB] OR Binge drink* [TIAB] OR Ethanol [TIAB] OR Risky Drink* [TIAB] OR Drug [TIAB] OR Drugs [TIAB] OR Marijuana [TIAB] OR Cannabis [TIAB] OR Cannabinoid [TIAB] OR K2 [TIAB] OR Sedative [TIAB] OR Sedatives [TIAB] OR Benzodiazepine [TIAB] OR Benzodiazepines [TIAB] OR Cocaine [TIAB] OR Stimulant [TIAB] OR Stimulants [TIAB] OR Amphetamine [TIAB] OR Amphetamines [TIAB] OR Methamphetamine [TIAB] OR Bath salt [TIAB] OR Bath salts [TIAB] OR PCP [TIAB] OR Phencyclidine [TIAB] OR Ecstasy [TIAB] OR MDMA [TIAB] OR 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine [TIAB] OR ghb [TIAB] OR Gamma Hydroxybutyrate [TIAB] OR Ketamine [TIAB] OR LSD [TIAB] OR Lysergic acid diethylamide [TIAB] OR Opiate [TIAB] OR Opiates [TIAB] OR Opioid [TIAB] OR Opioids [TIAB] OR Heroin [TIAB] OR Fentanyl [TIAB] OR Morphine [TIAB] OR Oxycodone [TIAB] OR Hydrocodone [TIAB] OR Prescription drug abuse [TIAB] OR Inhalant [TIAB] OR Inhalants [TIAB] OR Addict* [TIAB] OR Substance use* [TIAB] OR Substance abuse* [TIAB] OR Substance misuse* [TIAB] OR Ethanol [MeSH Terms] OR Alcohols [MeSH Terms] OR Alcohol-Induced Disorders [MeSH Terms] OR Alcohol-Related Disorders [MeSH Terms] OR Alcohol Drinking [MeSH Terms] OR Alcohol Drinking in College [MeSH Terms] OR Underage Drinking [MeSH Terms] OR Alcoholism [MeSH Terms] OR Substance-Related Disorders [MeSH Terms] OR Substance Abuse, Intravenous [MeSH Terms] OR Prescription Drug Misuse [MeSH Terms] OR Addictive Behavior [MeSH Terms] OR Opioid-Related Disorders [MeSH Terms] OR Cocaine-Related Disorders [MeSH Terms] OR Cocaine [MeSH Terms] OR Crack Cocaine [MeSH Terms] OR Amphetamine-Related Disorders [MeSH Terms] OR Amphetamine [MeSH Terms] OR Amphetamines [MeSH Terms] OR Methamphetamine [MeSH Terms] OR Morphine Dependence [MeSH Terms] OR Heroin Dependence [MeSH Terms] OR Heroin [MeSH Terms] OR Analgesics, Opioid [MeSH Terms] OR Opiate Substitution Treatment [MeSH Terms] OR Cannabis [MeSH Terms] OR Marijuana Abuse [MeSH Terms] OR Marijuana Smoking [MeSH Terms] OR Benzodiazepines [MeSH Terms] OR Hypnotics and Sedatives [MeSH Terms] OR Phencyclidine Abuse [MeSH Terms] OR N-Methyl-3,4 [MeSH Terms] OR methylenedioxyamphetamine [MeSH Terms] OR Hallucinogens [MeSH Terms] OR Ketamine [MeSH Terms] OR Lysergic Acid Diethylamide [MeSH Terms] OR Fentanyl [MeSH Terms] OR Inhalant abuse [MeSH Terms]

Youth terms

Teen* [TIAB] OR Youth* [TIAB] OR Adolescen* [TIAB] OR Young Adult* [TIAB] OR Emerging Adult* [TIAB] OR Adolescent [MeSH Terms] OR Young Adult [MeSH Terms]

PSYCHINFO

Sexual orientation/gender identity terms

[(Gay OR Men who have sex with men OR MSM OR Homosexual* OR Lesbian OR Women who have sex with women OR WSW OR Bisexual* OR MSMW OR WSWM OR Transgender* OR Transsexual* OR Gender nonconforming OR Gender non-conforming OR Gender variant OR Gender-variant OR Nonbinary OR Non-binary OR Genderqueer OR Gender queer OR Female-to-male OR FTM OR Male-to-female OR MTF OR Transmasculine OR Transfeminine OR Gender identity OR Gender dysphoria OR Gender identity disorder OR Sexual minority OR sexual minorities OR gender minority OR gender minorities OR LGBT* OR LGB OR Queer OR Homosexual male OR Homosexual female OR Homosexual men OR Homosexual women OR Mostly heterosexual women OR Mostly heterosexual men OR Same-sex attraction OR Sexual orientation OR Sexual identity).tw] OR [(lesbianism OR male homosexuality OR bisexuality OR sexual orientation OR transgender or homosexuality OR gender identity OR same sex intercourse OR transsexualism OR gender identity disorder).sh]

Alcohol/drug use terms

[(Alcohol* OR Binge drink* OR Ethanol OR Risky Drink* OR Drug* OR Marijuana OR Cannabi* OR K2 OR Sedative* OR Benzodiazepine* OR Cocaine OR Stimulant* OR Amphetamine* OR Methamphetamine OR Bath salt* OR pcp OR Phencyclidine OR Ecstasy OR MDMD OR Methylenedioxymethamphetamine OR ghb OR Gamma Hydroxybutyrate OR Ketamine OR lsd OR Lysergic acid diethylamide OR Opiate* OR Opioid* OR Heroin OR Fentanyl OR Morphine OR Oxycodone OR Hydrocodone OR Prescription drug abuse OR Inhalant* OR Addict* OR Substance abuse OR Substance misuse).tw] OR [(Alcohols OR alcoholism OR alcohol abuse OR alcohol drinking patterns OR ethanol OR cannabis OR cannabinoids OR marijuana OR cocaine OR crack cocaine OR Benzodiazepines OR Amphetamine OR opiates OR heroin OR heroin addition OR drug abuse OR drug dependency OR drug usage OR Inhalant abuse OR addiction OR methamphetamine OR Methylenedioxymethamphetamine OR ketamine OR fentanyl OR morphine OR analgesic drugs OR hallucinogenic drugs OR Lysergic Acid Diethylamide OR Phencyclidine).sh]

Youth terms

[(Youth* OR Adolescen* OR Young Adult OR Emerging Adult OR Teen*).tw] OR [(Adolescent development OR emerging adulthood OR college students OR high school students).sh]

WEB OF SCIENCE

Sexual orientation/gender identity terms

‘male by sexual orientation’/de OR ‘bisexual male’/de OR ‘homosexual male’/de OR ‘sexual minority’/de OR ‘lgbt people’/de OR ‘bisexual female’/de OR ‘homosexual female’/de OR ‘transgender’/de OR ‘female to male transgender’/de OR ‘male to female transgender’/de OR ‘men who have sex with men’/de OR ‘men who have sex with men and women’/de OR ‘women who have sex with women’/de OR ‘sexual orientation’/de OR ‘bisexuality’/de OR ‘homosexuality’/de OR ‘lesbianism’/de OR ‘male homosexuality’/de OR ‘sexuality’/de OR ‘homophobia’/de OR ‘sexual attraction’/de OR ‘gender identity’/de OR ‘transgenderism’/de OR ‘gender dysphoria’/de OR ‘sex reassignment’/de OR gay:ab,ti OR (men AND who AND have AND sex AND with AND men:ab,ti) OR msm:ab,ti OR homosexual*:ab,ti OR lesbian:ab,ti OR (women AND who AND have AND sex AND with AND women:ab,ti) OR wsw:ab,ti OR bisexual*:ab,ti OR msmw:ab,ti OR wswm:ab,ti OR transgender:ab,ti OR transsexual*:ab,ti OR (gender AND nonconforming:ab,ti) OR (gender AND ‘non conforming’:ab,ti) OR (gender AND variant:ab,ti) OR ‘gender-variant’:ab,ti OR nonbinary:ab,ti OR ‘non-binary’:ab,ti OR genderqueer:ab,ti OR ‘gender queer’:ab,ti OR ‘female-to-male’:ab,ti OR ftm:ab,ti OR ‘male-to-female’:ab,ti OR mtf:ab,ti OR ‘trans-masculine’:ab,ti OR transmasculine:ab,ti OR (trans AND masculine:ab,ti) OR transfeminine:ab,ti OR ‘trans-feminine’:ab,ti OR (trans AND feminine:ab,ti) OR (gender AND identity:ab,ti) OR (gender AND dysphoria:ab,ti) OR (gender AND identity AND disorder:ab,ti) OR (sexual AND minorit*:ab,ti) OR (gender AND minorit*:ab,ti) OR lgb:ab,ti OR lgbt*:ab,ti OR queer:ab,ti OR (homosexual AND male:ab,ti) OR (homosexual AND female:ab,ti) OR (homosexual AND men:ab,ti) OR (homosexual AND women:ab,ti) OR (mostly AND heterosexual AND women:ab,ti) OR (mostly AND heterosexual AND men:ab,ti) OR (‘same sex’ AND attraction:ab,ti) OR (sexual AND orientation:ab,ti) OR (sexual AND identity:ab,ti)

Alcohol/drug use terms

‘alcohol’/de OR ‘addiction’/de OR ‘drug dependence’/de OR ‘alcoholism’/de OR ‘amphetamine dependence’/de OR ‘benzodiazepine dependence’/de OR ‘cannabis addiction’/de OR ‘cocaine dependence’/de OR ‘drug abuse pattern’/de OR ‘drug craving’/de OR ‘drug seeking behavior’/de OR ‘glue sniffing’/de OR ‘methamphetamine dependence’/de OR ‘multiple drug abuse’/de OR ‘phencyclidine dependence’/de OR ‘narcotic dependence’/de OR ‘heroin dependence’/de OR ‘morphine dependence’/de OR ‘opiate addiction’/de OR ‘alcoholic beverage’/exp. OR ‘substance use’/de OR ‘alcohol consumption’/de OR ‘cannabis use’/de OR ‘cannabis smoking’/de OR ‘cannabis’/de OR ‘cocaine’/de OR ‘drug abuse’/de OR ‘alcohol abuse’/de OR ‘binge drinking’/de OR ‘college drinking’/de OR ‘drunken driving’/de OR ‘underage drinking’/de OR ‘analgesic agent abuse’/de OR ‘amphetamine abuse’/de OR ‘doping’/de OR ‘drug misuse’/de OR ‘illicit drug inhalation’/de OR ‘inhalant abuse’/de OR ‘intravenous drug abuse’/de OR ‘phencyclidine abuse’/de OR ‘prescription drug diversion’/de OR ‘substance abuse’/de OR ‘amphetamine’/de OR ‘methamphetamine’/de OR ‘narcotic analgesic agent’/de OR ‘opiate’/de OR ‘benzodiazepine’/de OR ‘hypnotic sedative agent’/exp. OR ‘phencyclidine’/de OR ‘ecstasy’/de OR ‘phenethylamine derivative’/exp. OR ‘amphetamine derivative’/exp. OR ‘psychedelic agent’/exp. OR ‘lysergide’/de OR ‘ketamine’/de OR alcohol:ab,ti OR alcoholic:ab,ti OR alcoholics:ab,ti OR alcoholism:ab,ti OR ‘binge drink’:ab,ti OR ‘binge drinks’:ab,ti OR ‘binge drinking’:ab,ti OR ‘binge drinker’:ab,ti OR ‘binge drinkers’:ab,ti OR ethanol:ab,ti OR ‘risky drink’:ab,ti OR ‘risky drinking’:ab,ti OR ‘risky drinker’:ab,ti OR ‘risky drinkers’:ab,ti OR drug:ab,ti OR drugs:ab,ti OR marijuana:ab,ti OR cannabis:ab,ti OR cannabinoid:ab,ti OR k2:ab,ti OR sedative:ab,ti OR sedatives:ab,ti OR benzodiazepine:ab,ti OR benzodiazepines:ab,ti OR cocaine:ab,ti OR stimulant:ab,ti OR stimulants:ab,ti OR amphetamine:ab,ti OR amphetamines:ab,ti OR methamphetamine:ab,ti OR ‘bath salt’:ab,ti OR ‘bath salts’:ab,ti OR pcp:ab,ti OR phencyclidine:ab,ti OR ecstasy:ab,ti OR mdmd:ab,ti OR ‘3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine’:ab,ti OR ghb:ab,ti OR ‘gamma hydroxybutyrate’:ab,ti OR ketamine:ab,ti OR lsd:ab,ti OR ‘lysergic acid diethylamide’:ab,ti OR opiate:ab,ti OR opiates:ab,ti OR opioid:ab,ti OR opioids:ab,ti OR heroin:ab,ti OR fentanyl:ab,ti OR morphine:ab,ti OR oxycodone:ab,ti OR hydrocodone:ab,ti OR ‘prescription drug abuse’:ab,ti OR inhalant:ab,ti OR inhalants:ab,ti OR addict:ab,ti OR addicts:ab,ti OR addiction:ab,ti OR addictive:ab,ti OR ‘substance use’:ab,ti OR ‘substance abuse’:ab,ti OR ‘substance misuse’:ab,ti

Youth terms

‘adolescent’/de OR ‘youth adult’ OR ‘adolescence’/de OR ‘juvenile’/de OR youth*:ab,ti OR adolescen*:ab,ti OR ‘young adult’:ab,ti OR ‘young adults’:ab,ti OR ‘emerging adult’:ab,ti OR ‘emerging adults’:ab,ti OR teen*:ab,ti

CINAHL

Sexual orientation/gender identity terms

(MH homosexuality OR MH bisexuality OR MH Transgender persons OR MH Health services for transgender persons OR MH Transsexualism OR MH Transsexualisms OR MH Gender identity OR MH Gender identity OR MH “Sexual and gender disorders” OR MH Sexual minorities OR MH Homosexuality, male OR MH Homosexuality, female OR MH Homosexual OR MH Homosexuals OR MH Heterosexual OR MH Heterosexuals OR MH Heterosexuality OR MH Heterosexuals OR MH Sexual Orientation OR TI gay OR AB gay OR TI men who have sex with men OR AB men who have sex with men OR TI MSM OR AB MSM OR TI Homosexual* OR AB Homosexual* OR TI Lesbian OR AB Lesbian OR TI Women who have sex with women OR AB Women who have sex with women OR TI WSW OR AB WSW OR TI Bisexual* OR AB Bisexual* OR TI MSMW OR AB MSMW OR TI WSWM OR AB WSWM OR TI Transgender OR AB Transgender OR TI Transsexual* OR AB Transsexual* OR TI Gender nonconforming OR AB gender nonconforming OR TI gender non-conforming OR AB gender non-conforming OR TI Gender variant OR AB gender variant OR TI gender-variant OR AB gender-variant OR TI nonbinary OR AB nonbinary OR TI non-binary OR AB non-binary OR TI genderqueer OR AB genderqueer OR TI gender queer OR AB gender queer OR TI female-to-male OR AB female-to-male OR TI MTF OR AB MTF OR TI Transmasculine OR AB transmasculine OR TI transfeminine OR AB transfeminine OR TI gender identity OR AB gender identity OR TI gender dysphoria OR AB gender dysphoria OR TI gender identity disorder OR AB gender identity disorder OR TI sexual minorit* OR AB sexual minorit* OR TI gender minorit* OR AB gender minorit* OR TI LGB* OR AB LGB* OR TI LGBT* OR AB LGBT* OR TI Queer OR AB Queer OR TI homosexual male OR AB homosexual male OR TI homosexual female OR AB homosexual female OR TI homosexual men OR AB homosexual men OR TI homosexual women OR AB homosexual women OR TI mostly heterosexual women OR AB mostly heterosexual women OR TI mostly heterosexual men OR AB mostly heterosexual men OR TI same-sex attraction OR AB same-sex attraction OR TI Sexual orientation OR AB Sexual orientation OR TI Sexual identity OR AB Sexual identity)

Alcohol/drug use terms

(MH Alcohol drinking OR MH Behavior, drinking OR MH Behaviors, drinking OR MH Drinking OR MH Drinking, alcohol OR MH Abuse drugs OR MH Abuse, drug OR MH Abuser, drug OR MH Abusers, drug OR MH Abuse, marijuana OR MH Dependence, marijuana OR MH Marijuana OR MH Marijuana smoking OR MH Marijuanas OR MH Abuse, cannabis OR MH Cannabis OR MH Cannabis dependence OR MH Cannabis smoking OR MH Cannabis related disorder OR MH Hypnotics and sedatives OR MH Sedatives OR MH Sedatives and hypnotics OR MH Abuse, cocaine OR MH Addiction, cocaine OR MH Cocaine OR MH Cocaine dependence OR MH Abuse, amphetamine OR MH Addiction, amphetamine OR MH Amphetamine OR MH Amphetamine dependence OR MH Amphetamine related disorders OR MH Amphetamines OR MH Methamphetamine OR MH Abuse, PCP OR MH Abuse, phencyclidine OR MH Phencyclidine OR MH Phencyclidine abuses OR MH Phencyclidine related disorder OR MH Phencyclidine related disorders OR MH Ecstasy drug OR MH MDMA OR MH Gamma hydroxybutyrate OR MH Ketamine OR MH Ketamine hydrochloride OR MH Hallucinogens OR MH LSD OR MH Lysergic acid diethylamide OR MH Addiction, opiate OR MH Dependence, opiate OR MH Disorder, opiate related OR MH Abuse, heroin OR MH Addiction, heroin OR MH Dependence, heroin OR MH Heroin OR MH Narcotics OR MH Fentanyl OR MH Abuse, morphine OR MH Addiction, morphine OR MH Dependence, morphine OR MH Oxycodone OR MH Oxycodone acetaminophen OR MH Oxycodone hydrochloride OR MH Hydrocodone OR MH Acetaminophen hydrocodone OR MH Hydrocodon OR MH Abuse, inhalant OR MH Abuses, inhalant OR MH Addiction, narcotic OR MH Addiction, substance OR MH Addictive behavior OR MH Addictive behaviors OR MH Drug addiction OR MH Disorder, substance use OR MH Substance use disorders OR MH Substance abuse OR MH Substance abuse, intravenous OR MH Substance abuses OR TI Alcohol* OR AB Alcohol* OR TI Ethanol OR AB Ethanol OR TI Binge drink* OR AB Binge drink* OR TI Ethanol OR AB Ethanol OR TI Risky Drink* OR AB Risky Drink* OR TI Drug* OR AB Drug* OR TI Marijuana OR AB Marijuana OR TI Cannabis OR AB Cannabis OR TI Cannabinoid OR AB Cannabinoid OR TI K2 OR AB K2 OR TI Sedative* OR AB Sedative* OR TI Benzo* OR AB Benzo* OR TI Cocaine OR AB Cocaine OR TI Stimulant* OR AB Stimulant* OR TI Amphetamine* OR AB Amphetamine* OR TI Methamphetamine OR AB Methamphetamine OR TI Bath salt* OR AB Bath Salt* OR TI PCP OR AB PCP OR TI Phencyclidine OR AB Phencyclidine OR TI Ecstasy OR AB Ecstasy OR TI MDMA OR AB MDMA OR TI 3,4 Methylenedioxymethamphetamine OR AB 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine OR TI GHB OR AB GHB OR TI Gamma Hydroxybutyrate OR AB Gamma Hydroxybutyrate OR TI Ketamine OR AB Ketamine OR TI LSD OR AB LSD OR TI Lysergic acid diethylamide OR AB Lysergic acid diethylamide OR TI Opiate* OR AB Opiate* OR TI Opioid* OR AB Opioid* OR TI Heroin OR AB Heroin OR TI Fentanyl OR AB Fentanyl OR TI Morphine OR AB Morphine OR TI Oxycodone OR AB Oxycodone OR TI Hydrocodone OR AB Hydrocodone OR TI Prescription drug abuse OR AB Prescription drug abuse OR TI Inhalant* OR AB Inhalant* OR TI Addict* OR AB Addict* OR TI Substance use OR AB Substance use OR TI Substance abuse OR AB Substance abuse OR TI Substance misuse OR AB Substance misuse)

Youth terms

(MH adolescence OR MH young adult OR TI Youth* OR AB Youth* TI Adolescen* OR AB Adolescen* TI Young Adult OR AB Young Adult OR TI Emerging Adult OR AB Emerging Adult OR TI Teen* OR AB Teen* OR TI Teenager* OR AB Teenager*)

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Kidd, J.D., Jackman, K.B., Wolff, M. et al. Risk and Protective Factors for Substance Use Among Sexual and Gender Minority Youth: a Scoping Review. Curr Addict Rep 5, 158–173 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-018-0196-9

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