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Neuromuscular Control Deficits and the Risk of Subsequent Injury after a Concussion: A Scoping Review

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Abstract

An emerging area of research has identified that an increased risk of musculoskeletal injury may exist upon returning to sports after a sport-related concussion. The mechanisms underlying this recently discovered phenomenon, however, remain unknown. One theorized reason for this increased injury risk includes residual neuromuscular control deficits that remain impaired despite clinical recovery. Thus, the objectives of this review were: (1) to summarize the literature examining the relationship between concussion and risk of subsequent injury and (2) to summarize the literature for one mechanism with a theorized association with this increased injury risk, i.e., neuromuscular control deficits observed during gait after concussion under dual-task conditions. Two separate reviews were conducted consistent with both specified objectives. Studies published before 9 December, 2016 were identified using PubMed, Web of Science, and Academic Search Premier (EBSCOhost). Inclusion for the objective 1 search included dependent variables of quantitative measurements of musculoskeletal injury after concussion. Inclusion criteria for the objective 2 search included dependent variables pertaining to gait, dynamic balance control, and dual-task function. A total of 32 studies were included in the two reviews (objective 1 n = 10, objective 2 n = 22). According to a variety of study designs, athletes appear to have an increased risk of sustaining a musculoskeletal injury following a concussion. Furthermore, dual-task neuromuscular control deficits may continue to exist after patients report resolution of concussion symptoms, or perform normally on other clinical concussion tests. Therefore, musculoskeletal injury risk appears to increase following a concussion and persistent motor system and attentional deficits also seem to exist after a concussion. While not yet experimentally tested, these motor system and attentional deficits may contribute to the risk of sustaining a musculoskeletal injury upon returning to full athletic participation.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Orthopedics, Sports Medicine Center, Children’s Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 13123 E. 16th Avenue B060, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA

    David R. Howell

  2. The Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention, Waltham, MA, USA

    David R. Howell

  3. UGA Concussion Research Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA

    Robert C. Lynall

  4. Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA

    Thomas A. Buckley

  5. Interdisciplinary Program in Biomechanics and Movement Science, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA

    Thomas A. Buckley

  6. Divisions of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Sports Medicine, and Research, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA

    Daniel C. Herman

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Correspondence to David R. Howell.

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Funding

David R. Howell has received research support through a research contract between Boston Children’s Hospital, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, and ElMindA Ltd. Thomas A. Buckley is funded, in part, by a grant from the National Collegiate Athletic Association and the Department of Defense. Daniel C. Herman is supported in part by National Institutes of Health Grant No. 5K12HD001097-17 (Rehabilitation Medical Scientist Training Program), and grants through the Foundation for Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, American Medical Society for Sports Medicine Foundation, and American College of Sports Medicine Foundation.

Conflict of interest

David R. Howell, Robert C. Lynall, Thomas A. Buckley, and Daniel C. Herman have no conflicts of interest directly relevant to the content of this review.

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Howell, D.R., Lynall, R.C., Buckley, T.A. et al. Neuromuscular Control Deficits and the Risk of Subsequent Injury after a Concussion: A Scoping Review. Sports Med 48, 1097–1115 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-018-0871-y

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