Table 1 Enzyme specificities of clinical index substrates and additional victim drugs
From: Volume of Distribution is Unaffected by Metabolic Drug–Drug Interactions
| Substrate | BDDCS class | Enzyme | Other relevant enzymes/transporters | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antipyrine | 1 |
CYP1A2 CYP2C9 CYP3A | Multiple CYPs (2A6, 2B6, 2C, 2E1) | [7] |
| Alfentanil | 1 | CYP3A | – | [5] |
| Caffeine | 1 | CYP1A2 |
Xanthine oxidase N-Acetyl transferase | [4] |
| Desipramine | 1 | CYP2D6 | CYP3A | [4] |
| Imipramine | 1 | CYP2C19 | CYP2D6 | [5] |
| Lidocaine | 1 | CYP3A | CYP1A2 | [7] |
| Metoprolol | 1 | CYP2D6 | CYP3A | [4] |
| Midazolam | 1 | CYP3A | – | [4] |
| Theophylline | 1 | CYP1A2 |
CYP2E1 CYP3A | [4] |
| Tolbutamide | 2 | CYP2C9 | OAT2 | [4, 10] |