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Prevalence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in vegetables in Iran: a nineteen-years meta-analysis review

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Abstract

Cryptosporidium and Giardia are two major protozoa reported from vegetables and environment. The prevalence of these parasites supposes to be different regarding the climate zones. This review aimed to evaluate the prevalence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in vegetables according to the major climate zones in Iran. The results showed pooled prevalence 7% (95% CI: 2%, 14%) and 4% (95% CI: 3%, 6%) for Cryptosporidium spp., and Giardia spp., respectively. The prevalence of Giardia spp. in mountain, desert and semi-desert, and Mediterranean regions was 4% (95% CI: 2%, 6%), 5% (95% CI: 3%, 8%) and 7% (95% CI: 1%, 18%), respectively. Cryptosporidium spp. was reported 8% (95% CI: 0%, 65%), 6% (95% CI: 0%, 18%) and 4% (95% CI: 0%, 77%) from mountain, desert and semi-desert, and Mediterranean climate zones, respectively. This review suggests the higher prevalence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in Mediterranean and mountain regions, respectively.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to appreciate all colleagues of the Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Institute for their support during this study.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Ehsan Javanmard & Hamed Mirjalali

  2. Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

    Elnaz Sadat Mirsamadi

  3. Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Meysam Olfatifar & Mohammad Reza Zali

  4. Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Erfan Ghasemi

  5. Department of Geography, Faculty of Teacher Education, Farhangian University, Alborz, Iran

    Fatemeh Saki

  6. Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

    Panagiotis Karanis

  7. Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Nicosia University Medical School, 2408, Nicosia, Cyprus

    Panagiotis Karanis

Authors
  1. Ehsan Javanmard
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  2. Elnaz Sadat Mirsamadi
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  3. Meysam Olfatifar
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  4. Erfan Ghasemi
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  5. Fatemeh Saki
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  6. Hamed Mirjalali
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  7. Mohammad Reza Zali
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  8. Panagiotis Karanis
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Contributions

Conceptualization: HM MRZ PK. Data gathering and testing eligibility of studies: HM EJ FS ESM. Geographical analysis: HM EJ FS. Data synthesis and meta-analysis: MO EG. Wrote the paper: HM EJ ESM PK. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Hamed Mirjalali.

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Javanmard, E., Mirsamadi, E.S., Olfatifar, M. et al. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in vegetables in Iran: a nineteen-years meta-analysis review. J Environ Health Sci Engineer 18, 1629–1641 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40201-020-00493-w

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