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Gene ontology enrichment analysis of α-amylase inhibitors from Duranta repens in diabetes mellitus

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Abstract

Background

Although α-amylase is the choice of target to manage postprandial hyperglycemia, inhibitors of this enzyme may get absorbed into the systemic circulation and modulate proteins involved in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus. Hence, the present study aimed to identify α-amylase inhibitors from Duranta repens via in silico and in vitro and predict their role in the modulation of multiple pathways involved in diabetes mellitus.

Methods

α-amylase inhibitory activity of hydroalcoholic extract/fractions (s) and pure compounds from D. repens was performed using in vitro enzyme inhibitory assay. Multiple open-source databases and published literature were used to retrieve reported phytoconstituents present in D. repens and their targets. The network was constructed between α-amylase inhibitors, modulated proteins, and expressed pathways. Further, hit molecules were also confirmed for their potency to inhibit α-amylase using in silico molecular docking and in vitro enzyme inhibitory assay. The glucose uptake assay was performed to assess the effect of hydrolcoholic extract/fraction(s) using rat hemidiaphragm.

Results

Fraction rich in flavonoids showed the highest α-amylase inhibitory activity with a IC50 of 644.29 ± 4.36 µg/ml compared to other fractions. PI3K-Akt signaling pathway and p53 signaling pathway were predicted to be primarily modulated in the compound-protein-pathway network. Similarly, scutellarein was predicted as lead hit based on α-amylase inhibitory action, binding affinity, and regulated pathways. Further, α-amylase inhibitors were also predicted to modulate the pathways involved in diabetes complications like AGE-RAGE and FoxO signaling pathway. Fraction rich in flavonoids showed the highest glucose uptake in rat hemidiaphragm with an effective concentration of 534.73 ± 0.79 µg/ml.

Conclusions

The α-amylase inhibitors from D. repens may not be limited within the gastrointestinal tract to inhibit α-amylase but may get absorbed into the systemic circulation and modulate multiple pathways involved in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus to produce synergistic/additive effect.

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Data availability

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Abbreviations

ChEBI:

Chemical Entities of Biological Interest

DM:

Diabetes Mellitus

DPP4:

Dipeptidyl peptidase-4

GLUT:

Glucose transporter

IC50 :

Inhibitory Concentration 50

ICMR-NITM:

Indian Council of Medical Research -National Institute of Traditional Medicine

KEGG:

Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes

Pa:

Probable activity

PASS:

Prediction of Activity Spectra for Substances

PCIDB:

PhytoChemical Interactions DB

PDB:

Protein Data Bank

Pi:

Probable inactivity

PTPN1B:

Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B

RCSB:

Research Collaboratory for Structural Bioinformatics

STRING:

Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins

T2DM:

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

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Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful to Principal KLE College of Pharmacy, Belagavi for providing necessary facilities and Head of Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, KLE College of Pharmacy, Belagavi, for supporting to complete the work. Pukar Khanal is also thankful to Ms. Taaza Duyu for her assistance during the enzyme inhibitory activity.

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This work has not received any funds from national and international agencies.

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  1. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, KLE College of Pharmacy, Belagavi, KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research (KAHER), Belagavi, 590010, India

    Pukar Khanal & B. M. Patil

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Khanal, P., Patil, B.M. Gene ontology enrichment analysis of α-amylase inhibitors from Duranta repens in diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes Metab Disord 19, 735–747 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40200-020-00554-9

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