Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Management of Squamous Cell Carcinoma Involving the Temporal Bone

  • OTOLOGY: Tumors of the Ear and Lateral Skull Base (G Danesi, Section Editor)
  • Published:
Current Otorhinolaryngology Reports Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose of Review

To examine contemporary management of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) involving the temporal bone.

Recent Findings

The modified Pittsburgh criteria have gained acceptance by many institutions for staging, planning treatment and comparing outcomes. Often primary SCC as well as secondary cutaneous SCC involving the temporal bone can be managed in a similar fashion.

Summary

T1 tumours should undergo lateral temporal bone resection (LTBR) due to the higher risk of positive margins and recurrence rates with lesser surgical procedures. T2 tumours require LTBR and superficial parotidectomy. T3 and T4 tumours often require a subtotal resection of the temporal bone (STBR), parotidectomy and cutaneous soft tissues as an en bloc excision. Advanced lesions are associated with a diminished survival especially if margins are involved. Patient outcomes are improved by a combination of surgery and postoperative radiotherapy. Preoperative imaging with high resolution CT and MRI is useful, particularly if there is evidence of large nerve perineural spread and nodal disease.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

References

Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: • Of importance •• Of major importance

  1. De Gruijil FR. Skin cancer and solar UV radiation. Eur J Cancer. 1999;35(14):2003–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Hirshoren N, Danne J, Dixon BJ, Magarey M, Kleid S, Webb A, et al. Prognostic markers in metastatic cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Head Neck. 2017;39:772–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. O’Connor A, Behan L, Toner M, Kinsella J, Beausang E, Timon C. J Laryngol Otol. 2015;129:964–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Anderson S, Patel P, Panizza B. Squamous cell carcinoma extending to the temporal bone. In: Riffat F, Palme CE, Veness M, editors. Non-melanoma skin cancer of the head and neck. New Delhi: Springer; 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Tan PY, Ek E, Su S, Giorlando F, Dieu T. Incomplete excision of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin: a prospective observational study. Plastic reconstructive surgery. 2007;120(4):910–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Moore BA, Weber RS, Prieto V, El-Naggar A, Holsinger FC, Zhou X, et al. Lymph node metastases from cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Laryngoscope. 2005;115(9):1561–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. O’Hara J, Ferlito A, Takes RP, Rinaldo A, Strojan P, Shaha AR, et al. Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck metastasizing to the parotid gland – a review of current recommendations. Head Neck. 2011;33(12):1789–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Warren TA, Nagle CM, Bowman J, Panizza BJ. The natural history and treatment outcomes of perineural spread of malignancy within the head and neck. J Neurol Surg B. 2016;77:107–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. •• Moody SA, Hirsch BE, Myers EN. Squamous cell carcinoma of the external auditory canal: an evaluation of a staging system. Am J Otol. 2000;21:582–8 Modified Pittsburgh criteria.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. • Ho B, Solares CA, Panizza BJ. Temporal bone resection. Operative Techniques in Otolaryngology. 2013;24:179–83 Good technical summary of technique.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Lassig A, Spector ME, Soliman S, El-Kashlan HK. Squamous cell carcinoma involving the temporal bone: lateral temporal bone resection as primary intervention. Otol Neurotol. 2012;34:141–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Essig GF, Kitipornchai L, Adams F, Zarate D, Gandhi M, Porceddu S, et al. Lateral temporal bone resection in advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: report of 35 cases. J Neurol Surg B. 2013;74:54–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Morris LGT, Mehra S, Shah JP, Bilsky MH, Selesnick SH, Kraus DH. Head Neck. 2012;34:1231–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. • Arriaga M, Curtin H, Takahashi H, Hirsch BE, Kamerer DB. Staging proposal for external auditory meatus carcinoma based on preoperative clinical examination and computed tomography findings. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1990;99:714–21 Landmark paper regarding Pittsburgh criteria.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Bacciu A, Clemente IA, Piccirillo E, Ferrari S, Sanna M. Guildelines for treating temporal bone carcinoma based on long-term outcomes. Otology and Neurotology. 2103;34:898–907.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. • Panizza BJ. An overview of head and neck malignancy with perineural spread. J Neurol Surg B. 2016;77:81–5 Good summary of perineural disease.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Zhang T, Li W, Dai C, Chi F, Wang S, Wang Z. Evidence-based surgical management of T1 or T2 temporal bone malignancies. Laryngoscope. 2013;123:244–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Moffatt DA, Wagstaff SA, Hardy DV. The outcome of radical surgery and postoperative radiotherapy for squamous carcinoma of the temporal bone. Laryngoscope. 2005;115:341–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Shao A, Wong DKC, McIvor NP, Mylinarek AM, Chaplin JM, Izzard ME et al. Parotid metastatic disease from cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: prognostic role of facial nerve sacrifice, lateral temporal bone resection, immune status and P-stage. Head and Neck 2014:

  20. Oya R, Takenaka Y, Takemura K, Ashida N, Shimizu K, Kitamura T, et al. Surgery with or without postoperative radiation therapy for early-stage external auditory canal squamous cell carcinoma: a meta-analysis. Otology Neurotology. 2017;38:1333–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Xie B, Zhang T, Dai C. Survival outcomes of patients with temporal bone carcinoma with different invasion patterns. Head Neck. 2015:188–96.

  22. Maroldi R, Ambrosi C, Farina D. Metastatic disease of the brain: extra-axial metastases (skull, dura, leptomeningeal) and tumour spread. Eur Radiol. 2005;15(3):617–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Graham MD, Sataloff RT, Kemink JL, Wolf GT, McGillicuddy JE. Total en bloc resection of the temporal bone and carotid artery for malignant tumours of the ear and temporal bone. Laryngoscope. 1984;94:528–33.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Mazzoni A, Danesi G, Zanoletti E. Primary squamous cell carcinoma of the external auditory canal: surgical treatment and long-term outcomes. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital. 2014;34:129–37.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Chi F-L, Gu F-M, Dai C-F, Chen B, Li H-W. Survival outcomes in surgical treatment of 72 cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the temporal bone. Otology Neurotology. 2011;32:665–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Gidley P, Roberts D, Sturgis E. Squamous cell carcinoma of the temporal bone. Laryngoscope. 2010;120:1144–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Higgins TS, Moody Antonio SA. The role of facial palsy in staging squamous cell carcinoma of the temporal bone and external auditory canal: a comparative survival analysis. Otology Neurotology. 2010;31:1473–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Solares CA, Mason E, Panizza BJ. Surgical management of perineural spread of head and neck cancers. J Neurol Surg B. 2016;77:140–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. McRackan TR, Fang T-Y, Pelosi S, Rivas A, Dietrich MS, Wanna GB, et al. Factors associated with recurrence of squamous cell carcinoma involving the temporal bone. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2014;123(4):235–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Zanoletti E, Marioni G, Stritoni P, Lionello M, Giacomelli L, Martini A, et al. Temporal bone squamous cell carcinoma: analysing prognosis with univariate and multivariate models. Laryngoscope. 2014;124:1192–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Leong SC, Youssef A, Lesser TH. Squamous cell carcinoma of the temporal bone: outcomes of radical surgery and postoperative radiotherapy. Laryngoscope. 2013;123:2442–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Euvrard S, Kanitakis J, Claudy A. Skin cancers after organ transplantation. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:1681–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to James J. Bowman.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent

All reported studies/experiments with human or animal subjects performed by the authors have been previously published and complied with all applicable ethical standards (including the Helsinki declaration and its amendments, institutional/national research committee standards and international/national/institutional guidelines).

Additional information

This article is part of the Topical Collection on OTOLOGY: Tumors of the Ear and Lateral Skull Base

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Bowman, J.J., Ward, M. & Panizza, B. Management of Squamous Cell Carcinoma Involving the Temporal Bone. Curr Otorhinolaryngol Rep 6, 330–336 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40136-018-0218-0

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40136-018-0218-0

Keywords

Navigation