Die derzeitige Diskussion zum vesikoureteralen Reflux bewegt sich zwischen diagnostischem Nihilismus und invasiver Therapie. Gemeinsames Ziel aller derzeit konkurrierenden diagnostischen Strategien und Therapieansätze ist es, pyelonephritische Nierenschädigungen mit dem wirksamsten und gleichzeitig am wenigsten belastenden Konzept zu verhindern.
Literatur
AAP (2011) Urinary tract infection: clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and management of the Initial UTI in febrile Infants and children 2–24 months. Pediatrics 128
Al-Sayyad AJ, Pike JG, Leonard MP (2005) Can prophylactic antibiotics safely be discontinued in children with vesicoureteral reflux? J Urol 174(4 Pt 2):1587–1589 [PubMed][CrossRef]
Alconcher LF, Meneguzzi MB, Buschiazzo R et al (2009) Could prophylactic antibiotics be stopped in patients with history of vesicoureteral reflux? J Pediatr Urol 5(5):383–388 [PubMed][CrossRef]
Alexiou Z, Mouktaroudi M, Koratzanis G et al (2007) The significance of compliance for the success of antimicrobial prophylaxis in recurrent lower urinary tract infections: the Greek experience. Int J Antimicrob Agents 30(1):40–43 [PubMed][CrossRef]
Alsaywid BS, Saleh H, Deshpande A et al (2010) High grade primary vesicoureteral reflux in boys: long-term results of a prospective cohort study. J Urol 184(Suppl 4):1598–1603 [PubMed][CrossRef]
Arant BS Jr (1992) Medical management of mild and moderate vesicoureteral reflux: followup studies of infants and young children. A preliminary report of the Southwest Pediatric Nephrology Study Group. J Urol 148(5 Pt 2):1683–1687 [PubMed]
Ardissino G, Avolio L, Dacco V et al (2004) Long-term outcome of vesicoureteral reflux associated chronic renal failure in children. Data from the ItalKid Project. J Urol 172(1):305–310 [PubMed][CrossRef]
Arlen AM, Pakalniskis BL, Cooper CS (2012) Asymptomatic chronic partial obstruction of a normal ureter following dextranomer/hyaluronic acid copolymer (Deflux®) injection for grade I vesicoureteral reflux. J Pediatr Urol 8(3):27–30 [CrossRef]
Bael AM, Benninga MA, Lax H et al (2007) Functional urinary and fecal incontinence in neurologically normal children: symptoms of one ‚functional elimination disorder‘? BJU Int 99(2):407–412 [PubMed][CrossRef]
Baker R, Maxted W, Maylath J et al (1966) Relation of age, sex, and infection to reflux: data indicating high spontaneous cure rate in pediatric patients. J Urol 95(1):27–32 [PubMed]
Bayne AP, Shoss JM, Starke NR et al (2012) Single-center experience with pediatric laparoscopic extravesical reimplantation: safe and effective in simple and complex anatomy. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 22(1):102–106 [PubMed][CrossRef]
Beetz R, Bachmann H, Gatermann S et al (2007) Urinary tract infections in infants and children — a consensus on diagnostic, therapy and prophylaxis. Urologe Ausg A 46(2):112–123 [CrossRef]
Beetz R, Wagenlehner F (2013) Harnwegsinfektionen: welche Diagnostik und Therapie? Urologe A (in press)
Blumenthal I (2006) Vesicoureteric reflux and urinary tract infection in children. Postgrad Med J 82(963):31–35 [PubMed][CrossRef]
Bonnin F, Lottmann H, Sauty L et al (2001) Scintigraphic screening for renal damage in siblings of children with symptomatic primary vesico-ureteric reflux. BJU Int 87(6):463–466 [PubMed][CrossRef]
Brandstrom P, Esbjorner E, Herthelius M et al (2010) The Swedish reflux trial in children: III. Urinary tract infection pattern. J Urol 184(1):286–291 [PubMed][CrossRef]
Brandstrom P, Jodal U, Sillen U et al (2011) The Swedish reflux trial: review of a randomized, controlled trial in children with dilating vesicoureteral reflux. J Pediatr Urol 7(6):594–600 [PubMed][CrossRef]
Brandstrom P, Neveus T, Sixt R et al (2010) The Swedish reflux trial in children: IV. Renal damage. J Urol 184(1):292–297 [PubMed][CrossRef]
Bruhl P, Ahlen H van, Mallmann R (1988) Antireflux procedure by Lich-Gregoir. Indications and results. Eur Urol 14(1):37–40 [PubMed]
Caione P, Villa M, Capozza N et al (2004) Predictive risk factors for chronic renal failure in primary high-grade vesico-ureteric reflux. BJU Int 93(9):1309–1312 [PubMed][CrossRef]
Callewaert PR, Biallosterski BT, Rahnama’i MS et al (2012) Robotic extravesical anti-reflux operations in complex cases: technical considerations and preliminary results. Urol Int 88(1):6–11 [PubMed][CrossRef]
Cerwinka WH, Scherz HC, Kirsch AJ (2008) Dynamic hydrodistention classification of the ureter and the double hit method to correct vesicoureteral reflux. Arch Esp Urol 61(8):882–887 [PubMed][CrossRef]
Chung MS, Han SW, Jung HJ et al (2012) Transvesicoscopic ureteral reimplantation in children with bilateral vesicoureteral reflux: surgical technique and results. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 22(3):295–300 [PubMed][CrossRef]
Cohen MH, Rotner MB (1969) A new method to create a submucosal ureteral tunnel. J Urol 102(5):567–568 [PubMed]
Cooper CS, Chung BI, Kirsch AJ et al (2000) The outcome of stopping prophylactic antibiotics in older children with vesicoureteral reflux. J Urol 163(1):269–273 [PubMed][CrossRef]
Copp HL, Nelson CP, Shortliffe LD et al (2010) Compliance with antibiotic prophylaxis in children with vesicoureteral reflux: results from a national pharmacy claims database. J Urol 183(5):1994–1999 [PubMed][CrossRef]
Darge K (2008) Voiding urosonography with US contrast agents for the diagnosis of vesicoureteric reflux in children. II. Comparison with radiological examinations. Pediatr Radiol 38(1):54–127 [PubMed][CrossRef]
Daschner F, Marget W (1975) Treatment of recurrent urinary tract infection in children. II. Compliance of parents and children with antibiotic therapy regimen. Acta Paediatr Scand 64(1):105–108 [PubMed][CrossRef]
Dodat H, Takvorian P, Mure PY et al (1995) Analysis of the failure of endoscopic treatement of vesico-renal reflux in children using injections of teflon and collagene and preliminary results of injections of Macroplastic. Prog Urol 5:58–68 [PubMed]
Edwards D, Normand IC, Prescod N et al (1977) Disappearance of vesicoureteric reflux during long-term prophylaxis of urinary tract infection in children. Br Med J 2(6082):285–288 [PubMed][CrossRef]
Elder JS, Peters CA, Arant BS Jr et al (1997) Pediatric vesicoureteral reflux guidelines panel summary report on the management of primary vesicoureteral reflux in children. J Urol 157(5):1846–1851 [PubMed][CrossRef]
Emir H, Mammadov E, Elicevik M et al (2012) Transvesicoscopic cross-trigonal ureteroneocystostomy in children: a single-center experience. J Pediatr Urol 8(1):83–86 [PubMed][CrossRef]
Estrada CR Jr, Passerotti CC, Graham DA et al (2009) Nomograms for predicting annual resolution rate of primary vesicoureteral reflux: results from 2,462 children. J Urol 182(4):1535–1541 [PubMed][CrossRef]
Faust WC, Diaz M, Pohl HG (2009) Incidence of post-pyelonephritic renal scarring: a meta-analysis of the dimercapto-succinic acid literature. J Urol 181(1):290–298 [PubMed][CrossRef]
Ferguson MA, Waikar SS (2012) Established and emerging markers of kidney function. Clin Chem 58(4):680–689 [PubMed][CrossRef]
Garin EH, Olavarria F, Garcia Nieto V et al (2006) Clinical significance of primary vesicoureteral reflux and urinary antibiotic prophylaxis after acute pyelonephritis: a multicenter, randomized, controlled study. Pediatrics 117(3):626–632 [PubMed][CrossRef]
Georgaki-Angelaki H, Kostaridou S, Daikos GL et al (2005) Long-term follow-up of children with vesicoureteral reflux with and without antibiotic prophylaxis. Scand J Infect Dis 37(11-12):842–845
Geyer VC, Ebert AK, Rösch WH (2013) Harnblasenfunktionsstörungen. Urologe (in press)
Gregoir W (1964) The Surgical treatment of congenital vesico-ureteral reflux. Acta Chir Belg 63:431–439 [PubMed]
Hains DS, Bates CM, Ingraham S et al (2009) Management and etiology of the unilateral multicystic dysplastic kidney: a review. Pediatr Nephrol 24(2):233–241 [PubMed][CrossRef]
Hannula A, Venhola M, Renko M et al (2010) Vesicoureteral reflux in children with suspected and proven urinary tract infection. Pediatr Nephrol 25(8):1463–1469 [PubMed][CrossRef]
Heikel PE, Parkkulainen KV (1966) Vesico-ureteric reflux in children. A classification and results of conservative treatment. Ann Radiol (Paris) 9(1):37–40
Hodson CJ, Edwards D (1960) Chronic pyelonephritis and vesico-ureteric reflex. Clin Radiol 11:219–231 [PubMed][CrossRef]
Hollowell JG, Greenfield SP (2002) Screening siblings for vesicoureteral reflux. J Urol 168(5):2138–2141 [PubMed][CrossRef]
Houle AM, Cheikhelard A, Barrieras D et al (2004) Impact of early screening for reflux in siblings on the detection of renal damage. BJU Int 94(1):123–125 [PubMed][CrossRef]
Ismaili K, Avni FE, Alexander M et al (2005) Routine voiding cystourethrography is of no value in neonates with unilateral multicystic dysplastic kidney. J Pediatr 146(6):759–763 [PubMed][CrossRef]
Jodal U, Hansson S (1994) Urinary tract infections. In: Holliday MA, Barratt TM, Avner ED (eds) Pediatric nephrology, 3. edn. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, pp 950–962
Jodal U, Smellie JM, Lax H et al (2006) Ten-year results of randomized treatment of children with severe vesicoureteral reflux. Final report of the International Reflux Study in Children. Pediatr Nephrol 21(6):785–792 [PubMed][CrossRef]
Kasturi S, Sehgal SS, Christman MS et al (2012) Prospective long-term analysis of nerve-sparing extravesical robotic-assisted laparoscopic ureteral reimplantation. Urology 79(3):680–683 [PubMed][CrossRef]
Kirsch AJ, Perez-Brayfield M, Smith EA et al (2004) The modified sting procedure to correct vesicoureteral reflux: improved results with submucosal implantation within the intramural ureter. J Urol 171(6 Pt 1):2413–2416 [PubMed][CrossRef]
Kitchens DM, Herndon A, Joseph DB (2010) Outcome after discontinuing prophylactic antibiotics in children with persistent vesicoureteral reflux. J Urol 184(Suppl 4):1594–1597 [PubMed][CrossRef]
Koff SA, Murtagh DS (1983) The uninhibited bladder in children: effect of treatment on recurrence of urinary infection and on vesicoureteral reflux resolution. J Urol 130(6):1138–1141 [PubMed]
Koff SA, Wagner TT, Jayanthi VR (1998) The relationship among dysfunctional elimination syndromes, primary vesicoureteral reflux and urinary tract infections in children. J Urol 160(3 Pt 2):1019–1022 [PubMed][CrossRef]
Krambeck AE, Gettman MT, BaniHani AH et al (2007) Management of nephrolithiasis after cohen cross-trigonal and glenn-anderson advancement ureteroneocystostomy. J Urol 177(1):174–178 [PubMed][CrossRef]
Krill AJ, HG Pohl, Belman AB et al (2011) Parental preferences in the management of vesicoureteral reflux. J Urol 186(5):2040–2044 [PubMed][CrossRef]
Lebowitz RL, Olbing H, Parkkulainen KV et al (1985) International system of radiographic grading of vesicoureteric reflux. International Reflux Study in Children. Pediatr Radiol 15(2):105–109 [PubMed][CrossRef]
Lee EK, Gatti JM, Demarco RT et al (2009) Long-term followup of dextranomer/hyaluronic acid injection for vesicoureteral reflux: late failure warrants continued followup. J Urol 181(4):1869–1875 [PubMed][CrossRef]
Lee MD, Lin CC, Huang FY et al (2009) Screening young children with a first febrile urinary tract infection for high-grade vesicoureteral reflux with renal ultrasound scanning and technetium-99m-labeled dimercaptosuccinic acid scanning. J Pediatr 154(6):797–802 [PubMed][CrossRef]
Lee SK, Chang Y, Park NH et al (2005) Magnetic resonance voiding cystography in the diagnosis of vesicoureteral reflux: comparative study with voiding cystourethrography. J Magn Reson Imaging 21(4):406–414 [PubMed][CrossRef]
Leonard MP, Canning DA, Peters CA et al (1991) Endoscopic injection of glutaraldehyde cross-linked bovine dermal collagen for correction of vesicoureteral reflux. J Urol 145:115–119 [PubMed]
Lich R, Howerton LW, Davis LA (1961) Recurrent urosepsis in children. J Urol 86:554–558
Linn R, Ginesin Y, Bolkier M et al (1989) Lich-Gregoir anti-reflux operation: a surgical experience and 5–20 years of follow-up in 149 ureters. Eur Urol 16(3):200–203 [PubMed]
Lopez M, Melo C, Francois M et al (2011) Laparoscopic extravesical transperitoneal approach following the lich-gregoir procedure in refluxing duplicated collecting systems: initial experience. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 21(2):165–169 [PubMed][CrossRef]
Mackie GG, Stephens FD (1975) Duplex kidneys: a correlation of renal dysplasia with position of the ureteral orifice. J Urol 114(2):274–280 [PubMed]
Malizia A, Reiman H, Myers R et al (1984) Migration and granulomatous reaction after periurezhral injection of polytef (Teflon). JAMA 251:3277–3281 [PubMed][CrossRef]
Marshall AG (1953) The persistence of foetal structures in pyelonephritic kidneys. Br J Surg 41(165):38–50 [PubMed][CrossRef]
Matouschek E (1981) Die Behandlung des vesikorenalen Refluxes durch transureterale Einspritzung von Polytetrafluoroethylene Paste. Urologe A 20:263–264 [PubMed]
Menezes M, Puri P (2009) Familial vesicoureteral reflux—is screening beneficial? J Urol 182(Suppl 4):1673–1677 [PubMed][CrossRef]
Merrick MV, Notghi A, Chalmers N et al (1995) Long-term follow up to determine the prognostic value of imaging after urinary tract infections, Part 2: Scarring. Arch Dis Child 72(5):393–396 [PubMed][CrossRef]
Mittleman R, Marracini J (1983) Teflon granulomas folowing periurethral Teflon injection for urinary incontinence. Arch Pathol Lab Med 107:611–612 [PubMed]
Molitierno JA, Scherz HC, Kirsch AJ (2008) Endoscopic treatment of vesicoureteral reflux using dextranomer hyaluronic acid copolymer. J Pediatr Urol 4(3):221–228 [PubMed][CrossRef]
Montini G, Rigon L, Zucchetta P et al (2008) Prophylaxis after first febrile urinary tract infection in children? A multicenter, randomized, controlled, noninferiority trial. Pediatrics 122(5):1064–1071 [PubMed][CrossRef]
Murawski IJ, Gupta IR (2006) Vesicoureteric reflux and renal malformations: a developmental problem. Clin Genet 69(2):105–117 [PubMed][CrossRef]
Najmaldin A, Burge DM, Atwell JD (1990) Reflux nephropathy secondary to intrauterine vesicoureteric reflux. J Pediatr Surg 25(4):387–390 [PubMed][CrossRef]
Nepple KG, Knudson MJ, Austin JC et al (2008) Abnormal renal scans and decreased early resolution of low grade vesicoureteral reflux. J Urol 180(Suppl 4):1643–1647 [PubMed][CrossRef]
Noe HN (1992) The long-term results of prospective sibling reflux screening. J Urol 148(5 Pt 2):1739–1742 [PubMed]
Olbing H, Tamminen-Mobius T (1988) International reflux study in children. Contrib Nephrol 61:228–235 [PubMed]
Oswald J, Brenner E, Schwentner C et al (2003) The intravesical ureter in children with vesicoureteral reflux: a morphological and immunohistochemical characterization. J Urol 170(6 Pt 1):2423–2427 [PubMed][CrossRef]
Ozen S, Alikasifoglu M, Saatci U et al (1999) Implications of certain genetic polymorphisms in scarring in vesicoureteric reflux: importance of ACE polymorphism. Am J Kidney Dis 34(1):140–145 [PubMed][CrossRef]
Papadopoulou F, Anthopoulou A, Siomou E et al (2009) Harmonic voiding urosonography with a second-generation contrast agent for the diagnosis of vesicoureteral reflux. Pediatr Radiol 39(3):239–244 [PubMed][CrossRef]
Pennesi M, Travan L, Peratoner L et al (2008) Is antibiotic prophylaxis in children with vesicoureteral reflux effective in preventing pyelonephritis and renal scars? A randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics 121(6):1489–1494 [CrossRef]
Peters C, Rushton HG (2010) Vesicoureteral reflux associated renal damage: congenital reflux nephropathy and acquired renal scarring. J Urol 184(1):265–273 [PubMed][CrossRef]
Peters CA, Skoog SJ, Arant BS Jr et al (2010) Summary of the AUA guideline on management of primary vesicoureteral reflux in children. J Urol 184(3):1134–1144 [PubMed][CrossRef]
Politano VA, Leadbetter WF (1958) An operative technique for the correction of vesicoureteral reflux. J Urol 79(6):932–941 [PubMed]
Preda I, Jodal U, Sixt R et al (2007) Normal dimercaptosuccinic acid scintigraphy makes voiding cystourethrography unnecessary after urinary tract infection. J Pediatr 151(6):581–584 [PubMed][CrossRef]
Puri P, Ninan G, Surana R (1995) Subureteric Teflon injection (STING). Eur Urol 27:71–75 [PubMed]
Puri P, O’Donnell B (1984) Correction of experimental produced vesicoureteric reflux in the piglet by intravesical injecton of Teflon. Br Med J 289:5–7 [CrossRef]
Riedmiller H, Becht E, Hertle L et al (1984) Psoas-hitch ureteroneocystostomy: experience with 181 cases. Eur Urol 10(3):145–150 [PubMed]
Riedmiller H, Beetz R (2011) Vesikoureteraler Reflux. In: Stein R, Beetz R, Thüroff JW (Hrsg) Kinderurologie in Klinik und Praxsis, 3. Aufl. Thieme, Stuttgart, S 347–364
Riquelme M, Lopez M, Landa S et al (2012) Laparoscopic Extravesical Ureteral Reimplantation (LEVUR): a multicenter experience with 95 cases. Eur J Pediatr Surg 20(10):157
Roberts JA (1995) Mechanisms of renal damage in chronic pyelonephritis (reflux nephropathy). Curr Top Pathol 88:265–287 [PubMed][CrossRef]
Roussey-Kesler G, Gadjos V, Idres N et al (2008) Antibiotic prophylaxis for the prevention of recurrent urinary tract infection in children with low grade vesicoureteral reflux: results from a prospective randomized study. J Urol 179(2):674–679 [PubMed][CrossRef]
Routh JC, Inman BA, Reinberg Y (2010) Dextranomer/hyaluronic acid for pediatric vesicoureteral reflux: systematic review. Pediatrics 125(5):1010–1019 [PubMed][CrossRef]
Rubenwolf PC, Ebert AK, Hofstädter F et al (2011) Neu aufgetretene Harntransporstörung durch periureterale Granulombildung nach endoskopischer Refluxkorrektur mit Dextromer/Hyaluronsäure Copolymer. Urologe A 50(Suppl 1):19 [CrossRef]
Sargent MA (2000) What is the normal prevalence of vesicoureteral reflux? Pediatr Radiol 30(9):587–593 [PubMed][CrossRef]
Scherz HC, Downs TM, Caesar R (1994) The selective use of dimercaptosuccinic acid renal scans in children with vesicoureteral reflux. J Urol 152(2 Pt 2):628–631 [PubMed]
Schwartz GJ, Haycock GB, Edelmann CM Jr et al (1976) A simple estimate of glomerular filtration rate in children derived from body length and plasma creatinine. Pediatrics 58(2):259–263 [PubMed]
Shiraishi K, Yoshino K, Watanabe M et al (2010) Risk factors for breakthrough infection in children with primary vesicoureteral reflux. J Urol 183(4):1527–1531 [PubMed][CrossRef]
Shopfner CE (1970) Vesicoureteral reflux. Five-year re-evaluation. Radiology 95(3):637–648 [PubMed]
Sillen U (1999) Bladder dysfunction in children with vesico-ureteric reflux. Acta Paediatr Suppl 88(431):40–47 [PubMed][CrossRef]
Sillen U (1999) Vesicoureteral reflux in infants. Pediatr Nephrol 13(4):355–361 [PubMed][CrossRef]
Siomou E, Giapros V, Fotopoulos A et al (2009) Implications of 99mTc-DMSA scintigraphy performed during urinary tract infection in neonates. Pediatrics 124(3):881–887 [PubMed][CrossRef]
Sjostrom S, Sillen U, Bachelard M et al (2004) Spontaneous resolution of high grade infantile vesicoureteral reflux. J Urol 172(2):694–699 [PubMed][CrossRef]
Skoog SJ, Peters CA, Arant BS Jr et al (2010) Pediatric vesicoureteral reflux guidelines panel summary report: clinical practice guidelines for screening siblings of children with vesicoureteral reflux and neonates/infants with prenatal hydronephrosis. J Urol 184(3):1145–1151 [PubMed][CrossRef]
Smellie J, Edwards D, Hunter N et al (1975) Vesico-ureteric reflux and renal scarring. Kidney Int 4(Suppl):65–72
Smellie JM (1991) Reflections on 30 years of treating children with urinary tract infections. J Urol 146(2 (Pt 2)):665–668 [PubMed]
Smellie JM, Barratt TM, Chantler C et al (2001) Medical versus surgical treatment in children with severe bilateral vesicoureteric reflux and bilateral nephropathy: a randomised trial. Lancet 357(9265):1329–1333 [PubMed][CrossRef]
Smolkin MT (2007) Improving the management of chronic disease. N Engl J Med 356(23):2422–2424 [PubMed][CrossRef]
Snow BW, Taylor MB (2010) Non-invasive vesicoureteral reflux imaging. J Pediatr Urol 6(6):543–549 [PubMed][CrossRef]
Sorensen MD, Koyle MA, Cowan CA et al (2010) Injection volumes of dextranomer/hyaluronic acid are increasing in the endoscopic management of vesicoureteral reflux. Pediatr Surg Int 26(5):509–513 [PubMed][CrossRef]
Steffens J, Langen PH, Haben B et al (2000) Politano-leadbetter ureteroneocystostomy. a 30-year experience. Urol Int 65(1):9–14 [PubMed][CrossRef]
Takazakura R, Johnin K, Furukawa A et al (2007) Magnetic resonance voiding cystourethrography for vesicoureteral reflux. J Magn Reson Imaging 25(1):170–174 [PubMed][CrossRef]
Tamminen-Mobius T, Brunier E, Ebel KD et al (1992) Cessation of vesicoureteral reflux for 5 years in infants and children allocated to medical treatment. The International Reflux Study in Children. J Urol 148(5 Pt 2):1662–1666 [PubMed]
Tekgül S, Riedmiller H, Dogan HS et al (2012) Guidelines on paediatric urology. http://www.uroweb.org
Tekgul S, Riedmiller H, Hoebeke P et al (2012) EAU Guidelines on vesicoureteral reflux in children. Eur Urol 62(3):534–542 [PubMed][CrossRef]
Thakre AA, Sreedhar B, Yeung CK (2007) Laparoscopy in the management of pediatric vesicoureteral reflux. Indian J Urol 23(4):414–419 [PubMed][CrossRef]
Thüroff JW, Altwein JE, Marberger M et al (1979) Der primäre vesikoureterale Reflux im Erwachsenenalter. Akt Urol 10(5):329–339
Tsai JD, Huang FY, Tsai TC (1998) Asymptomatic vesicoureteral reflux detected by neonatal ultrasonographic screening. Pediatr Nephrol 12(3):206–209 [PubMed][CrossRef]
Van den Abbeele AD, Treves ST, Lebowitz RL et al (1987) Vesicoureteral reflux in asymptomatic siblings of patients with known reflux: radionuclide cystography. Pediatrics 79(1):147–153
Gool JD van, Hjalmas K, Tamminen-Mobius T et al (1992) Historical clues to the complex of dysfunctional voiding, urinary tract infection and vesicoureteral reflux. The international reflux study in children. J Urol 148(5 Pt 2):1699–1702 [PubMed]
Venhola M, Uhari M (2009) Vesicoureteral reflux, a benign condition. Pediatr Nephrol 24(2):223–226 [PubMed][CrossRef]
Vuckov S, Nikolic H, Kvesic A et al (1999) Our experience in the treatment of the vesico-ureteral reflux with Lich-Gregoir antireflux surgical procedure. Eur J Pediatr Surg 9(1):33–36 [PubMed][CrossRef]
Wacksman J, Gilbert A, Sheldon CA (1992) Results of the renewed extravesical reimplant for surgical correction of vesicoureteral reflux. J Urol 148(2 Pt 1):359–361 [PubMed]
Westenfelder M, Vahlensieck W, Reinhartz U (1987) Patient compliance and efficacy of low-dose, long-term prophylaxis in patients with recurrent urinary tract infection. Chemioterapia 6(Suppl 2):530–532 (Comparative Study) [PubMed]
Westwood ME, Whiting PF, Cooper J et al (2005) Further investigation of confirmed urinary tract infection (UTI) in children under five years: a systematic review. BMC Pediatr 5(1):2 [PubMed][CrossRef]
Yeung CK, Godley ML, Dhillon HK et al (1997) The characteristics of primary vesico-ureteric reflux in male and female infants with pre-natal hydronephrosis. Br J Urol 80(2):319–327 [PubMed][CrossRef]
Zemple RP, Potretzke AM, Kryger JV (2012) Delayed onset ureteral obstruction following Deflux® injection for vesicoureteral reflux. J Pediatr Urol 8(3):23–26 [CrossRef]
Ziesel C, Frees S, Thuroff JW et al (2012) Therapeutic options for primary vesicoureteral reflux: Endoscopic vs open surgical approach. Urologe Ausg A 51(3):352–356 [CrossRef]
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
Interessenkonflikt
Die Autoren erklären, dass bei der erstellung des Beitrags kein Interessenkonflikt vorlag.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Stein, R., Ziesel, C., Rubenwolf, P. et al. Die wirksamste Therapieoption wählen. Pädiatrie 27, 24–34 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s15014-015-0309-z
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s15014-015-0309-z