Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Colored Sticky Traps to Selectively Survey Thrips in Cowpea Ecosystem

  • Pest Management
  • Published:
Neotropical Entomology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The bean flower thrips, Megalurothrips usitatus (Bagrall) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), is an important pest of legume crops in South China. Yellow, blue, or white sticky traps are currently recommended for monitoring and controlling thrips, but it is not known whether one is more efficient than the other or if selectivity could be optimized by trap color. We investigated the response of thrips and beneficial insects to different-colored sticky traps on cowpea, Vigna unguiculata. More thrips were caught on blue, light blue, white, and purple traps than on yellow, green, pink, gray, red, or black traps. There was a weak correlation on the number of thrips caught on yellow traps and survey from flowers (r = 0.139), whereas a strong correlation was found for blue traps and thrips’ survey on flowers (r = 0.929). On commercially available sticky traps (Jiaduo®), two and five times more thrips were caught on blue traps than on white and yellow traps, respectively. Otherwise, capture of beneficial insects was 1.7 times higher on yellow than on blue traps. The major natural enemies were the predatory ladybird beetles (63%) and pirate bugs Orius spp. (29%), followed by a number of less representative predators and parasitoids (8%). We conclude the blue sticky trap was the best to monitor thrips on cowpea in South China.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig 1
Fig 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Akingbohungbe AE (1982) Seasonal variation in cowpea crop performance at Ile–Ife, Nigeria and the relationship to insect damage. Int J Trop Insect Sci 3:287–296

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Allsopp E (2010) Investigation into the apparent failure of chemical control for management of western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), on plums in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. Crop Prot 29:824–831

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Atakan E, Canhilal R (2004) Evaluation of yellow sticky traps at various heights for monitoring cotton insect pests. J Agric Urban Entomol 21:15–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Bosco L, Giacometto E, Tavella L (2008) Colonization and predation of thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) by Orius spp. (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) in sweet pepper greenhouses in Northwest Italy. Biol Control 44:331–340

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brødsgaard HF (1989) Coloured sticky traps for Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera, Thripidae) in glasshouses. J Appl Entomol 107:136–140

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Broughton S, Harrison J (2012) Evaluation of monitoring methods for thrips and the effect of trap colour and semiochemicals on sticky trap capture of thrips (Thysanoptera) and beneficial insects (Syrphidae, Hemerobiidae) in deciduous fruit trees in Western Australia. Crop Prot 42:156–163

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Broughton S, Herron GA (2009) Potential new insecticides for the control of western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). J Econ Entomol 102:646–651

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cai WZ, Pang XF, Hua BZ, Liang GW, Song DL (2001) General entomology. China Agricultural University Press, Beijing, 503p

    Google Scholar 

  • Chang NT (1990) Color preference of thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in the Adzuki bean field. Plant Prot Bull 32:307–316

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen WS (1980) A study on the relationship between thrips and the yield of peanut. Res Bull Taiwan DAIS 14:51–57

    Google Scholar 

  • Childers CC, Brecht JK (1996) Colored sticky traps for monitoring Frankliniella bispinosa (Morgan) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) during flowering cycles in citrus. J Econ Entomol 89:1240–1249

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cho K, Eckel CS, Walgenbach JF, Kennedy GG (1995) Comparison of colored sticky traps for monitoring thrips populations (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in staked tomato fields. J Entomol Sci 30:176–190

    Google Scholar 

  • Demirel N, Cranshaw W (2005) Attraction of color traps to thrips species (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on Brassica crops in Colorado. Pak J Biol Sci 8:1247–1249

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Demirel N, Yildirim AE (2008) Attraction of various sticky color traps to Thrips tabaci Lindeman (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and Empoasca decipiens Paoli (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) in cotton. J Entomol 5:389–394

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ekesi S, Maniania NK (2000) Susceptibility of Megalurothrips sjostedti developmental stages to Metarhizium anisopliae and the effects of infection on feeding, adult fecundity, egg fertility and longevity. Entomol Exp Appl 94:229–236

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ekesi S, Maniania NK, Onu I, Lohr B (1998) Pathogenicity of entomopathogenic fungi (Hyphomycetes) to the legumes flower thrips, Megalurothrips sjostedti (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). J Appl Entomol 122:629–634

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fan YM, Tong XL, Gao LJ, Wang M, Liu ZQ, Zhang Y, Yang Y (2013) The spatial aggregation pattern of dominant species of thrips on cowpea in Hainan. J Environ Entomol 35:737–743

    Google Scholar 

  • Gitonga LM, Overholt WA, Löhr B, Magambo JK, Mueke JM (2002) Functional response of Orius albidipennis (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) to Megalurothrips sjostedti (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Biol Control 24:1–6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoddle MS, Robinson L, Morgan D (2002) Attraction of thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae and Aeolothripidae) to colored sticky cards in a California avocado orchard. Crop Prot 21:383–388

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jackai LEN, Adalla CB (1997) Pest management practice in cowpea: a review. In: Singh BB, Mohan Raj DR, Dashiell KE, Jackai LEN (eds) Advances in cowpea research. Co-publication by International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) and Japan International Research Center for Agriculture and Science (JIRCAS), Ibadan, pp 240–258

  • Kim DI, Park JD, Kim SG, Kim SS, Paik CH (2004) Biological control of Thrips palmi (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) with Orius strigicollis (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) on cucumber in plastic houses in the southern region of Korea. J Asia Pac Entomol 7:311–315

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kirk WDJ (1984) Ecological studies on Thrips imaginis Bagnall (Thysanoptera) in flowers of Echium plantagineum L. in Australia. Aust J Ecol 9:9–18

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kyamanywa S, Ampofo JKO (1988) Effect of cowpea/maize mixed cropping on the incident light at the cowpea canopy and flower thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) population density. Crop Prot 7:186–189

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kyamanywa S, Tukahairwa EM (1988) Effect of mixed cropping beans, cowpeas and maize on population densities of bean flower thrips, Megalurothrips sjostedti (Trybom)(Thripidae). Int J Trop Insect Sci 9:255–259

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kyamanywa S, Balidawa CW, Ampofo KJO (1993) Effect of maize plant on colonization of cowpea plant by bean flower thrips, Megalurothrips sjostedti. Entomol Exp Appl 69:61–68

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis T (1973) Thrips: their biology, ecology, and economical importance. Academic Press Inc, London, p 349

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis T (1997) Flight and dispersal. In: Lewis T (ed) Thrips as crop pests. CAB International, Cambridge, pp 175–196

    Google Scholar 

  • Liburd OE, Sarzynski EM, Arévalo HA, MacKenzie K (2009) Monitoring and emergence of flower thrips species in rabbiteye and southern highbush blueberries. Acta Horticult 810:251–258

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lu WH, Wei YJ, Tan DC, Zuo FH (2010) The enlightenment of Hainan toxic bean incident to Guangxi plant protection. J Guangxi Agric 25:86–87 (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Mfuti DK, Subramanian S, Tol RWHM, Wiegers GL, Kogel WJ, Niassy S, Plessis H, Ekesi S, Maniania NK (2015) Spatial separation of semiochemical Lurem-TR and entomopathogenic fungi to enhance their compatibility and infectivity in an autoinoculation system for thrips management. Pest Manag Sci. doi:10.1002/ps.3979

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Muvea AM, Waiganjo MM, Kutima HL, Osiemo Z, Nyasani JO, Subramanian S (2014) Attraction of pest thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) infesting French beans to coloured sticky traps with Lurem-TR and its utility for monitoring thrips populations. Int J Trop Insect Sci 34:197–206

    Google Scholar 

  • Nabirye J, Nampala P, Kyamanywa S, Ogenga-Latigo MW (2003) Determination of damage-yield loss relationships and economic injury levels of flower thrips on cowpea in eastern Uganda. Crop Prot 22:911–915

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Natwick ET, Byers JA, Chu C, Lopez M, Henneberry TJ (2007) Early detection and mass trapping of Frankliniella occidentalis and Thrips tabaci in vegetable crops. Southwest Entomol 32:229–238

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Niassy S, Maniania NK, Subramanian S, Gitonga LM, Ekesi S (2012) Performance of a semiochemical-baited autoinoculation device treated with Metarhizium anisopliae for control of Frankliniella occidentalis on French bean in field cages. Entomol Exp Appl 142:97–103

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nyasani JO, Meyhöfer R, Subramanian S, Poehling HM (2012) Effect of intercrops on thrips species composition and population abundance on French beans in Kenya. Entomol Exp Appl 142:236–246

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Park JJ, Kim JK, Park H, Cho K (2001) Development of time–efficient method for estimating aphids density using yellow sticky traps in cucumber greenhouses. J Asia Pac Entomol 4:143–148

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Prokopy RJ, Owens ED (1983) Visual detection of plants by herbivorous insects. Annu Rev Entomol 28:337–364

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ranamukhaarachchi SL, Wickramarachchi KS (2007) Color preference and sticky traps for field management of thrips Ceratothripoides claratris (Shumsher) (Thysanoptera: Thripdae) in tomato in central Thailand. Int J Agric Biol 9:839–844

    Google Scholar 

  • Robacker DC, Heath RR (2001) Easy-to-handle sticky trap for fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae). Fla Entomol 84:302–304

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rodriguez-Saona CR, Polavarapu S, Barry JD, Polk D, Jörnsten R, Oudemans PV, Liburd OE (2010) Color preference, seasonality, spatial distribution and species composition of thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in northern highbush blueberries. Crop Prot 29:1331–1440

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rodriguez-Saona CR, Byers JA, Schiffhauer D (2012) Effect of trap color and height on captures of blunt-nosed and sharp-nosed leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) and non-target arthropods in cranberry bogs. Crop Prot 40:132–144

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seo MJ, Kim SJ, Kang EJ, Kang MK, Yu YM, Nam MH, Jeong SG, Youn YN (2006) Attraction of the garden thrips, Frankliniella intonsa (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), to colored sticky cards in a Nonsan strawberry greenhouse. Korean J Appl Entomol 45:37–43

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh SR, Allen DJ (1980) Pests, diseases, resistance and protection of (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. In: Summerfield RJ, Bunting AHK (eds) Advances in legume science Royal Botanical Gardens and Ministry of Agriculture. Fish and Food, London, pp 419–443

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh SR, Jackai LEN, Dos Santos JHR, Adalla CB (1990) Insect pests of cowpeas. In: Singh SR (ed) Insect pests of tropical food legumes. Wiley, New York, pp 43–89

    Google Scholar 

  • Tamo M, Bottenberg H, Arodokoun D, Adeoti R (1997) The feasibility of classical biological control of two major cowpea insect pests. In: Singh BB, Mohan Raj DR, Dashiell KE, Jackai LEN (eds) Advances in cowpea research. Co-publication of International Institute of Agriculture and Japan International Center for Agricultural Sciences, Nigeria, pp 259–270

    Google Scholar 

  • Teulon DAJ, Penman DR (1992) Colour preferences of New Zealand thrips (Terebrantia: Thysanoptera). NZ Entomol 15:8–13

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weintraub PG, Pivonia S, Steinberg S (2011) How many Orius laevigatus are needed for effective western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, management in sweet pepper? Crop Prot 30:1443–1448

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yaku AG, Walter GH, Najar-Rodrigueza AJ (2007) Thrips see red–flower colour and the host relationships of a polyphagous anthophilic thrips. Ecol Entomol 32:527–535

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

We thankfully acknowledge the comments of the anonymous reviewer. We would also like to thank Shaukat Ali from the South China Agricultural University for improving the English. This work is supported by the Nature Science Foundation of Hainan Province (314104), Special fund for application technology research and development and demonstration and extension of Hainan province (ZDXM2015046), and the Special Fund for Basic Scientific Research of Central Public Research Institutes of China (NO. 2014hzs1J008).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Peoples Republic of China

    L D Tang, B L Fu, Y Han & K Liu

  2. Institute of Plant Protection, Hainan Key Lab for Control of Plant Diseases and InsectPests, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Peoples Republic of China

    H Y Zhao

  3. Dept of Entomology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Peoples Republic of China

    Y Han & J H Wu

Authors
  1. L D Tang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. H Y Zhao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. B L Fu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Y Han
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. K Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. J H Wu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to L D Tang or J H Wu.

Additional information

Edited by Jorge B Torres – UFRPE

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Tang, L.D., Zhao, H.Y., Fu, B.L. et al. Colored Sticky Traps to Selectively Survey Thrips in Cowpea Ecosystem. Neotrop Entomol 45, 96–101 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13744-015-0334-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13744-015-0334-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation