Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Training in the Elderly

  • Cardiovascular Disease in the Elderly (M Chen, Section Editor)
  • Published:
Current Geriatrics Reports Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose of Review

With recent improvements in cardiovascular care and prevention, the demographic of individuals enrolled into cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is shifting towards an older set of individuals. Management plans for elderly cardiovascular patients must consider processes associated with aging, sarcopenia, cognitive impairment, and inflammation all contributing to declining functional capacity.

Recent Findings

Increased debility at baseline does not translate into a significantly higher risk associated with physical activity but does require better access. High-intensity interval training protocols have shown benefits while preserving safety over the standard of moderate-intensity continuous training.

Summary

In elderly populations, CR needs to include more than just exercise; addressing psychosocial stress burdens as an independent part of CR has the potential to improve adherence and outcomes. Doing this through new programs and at home and through mobile devices has the potential to greatly increase adherence and access, and can help remedy current underutilization of CR in the US medical system.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

BP:

Blood pressure

CABG:

Coronary artery bypass graft

CHD:

Coronary heart disease

CI:

Confidence interval

CR:

Cardiovascular rehabilitation

CV:

Cardiovascular

CVD:

Cardiovascular disease

ET:

Exercise training

HDL-C:

High-density lipoprotein cholesterol

HIIT:

High-intensity interval training

HR:

Heart rate

IGF-1:

Insulin-like growth factor-1

MI:

Myocardial infarction

MICT:

Moderate-intensity continuous training

PA:

Physical activity

PSS:

Psychosocial stress

QoL:

Health-related quality of life

RCT:

Randomized controlled trial

References

Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: •• Of major importance

  1. •• Forman DE, Arena R, Boxer R, et al. Prioritizing functional capacity as a principal end point for therapies oriented to older adults with cardiovascular disease: a scientific statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2017;135(16):e894–918. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000483. A review on the role of functional capacity as it relates to frailty and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the elderly with practical recommendations on assessing physical function and setting physical function goals in older adults

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Menezes AR, Lavie CJ, Forman DE, Arena R, Milani RV, Franklin BA. Cardiac rehabilitation in the elderly. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2014;57(2):152–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2014.01.002.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Lavie CJ, Arena R, Swift DL, et al. Exercise and the cardiovascular system: clinical science and cardiovascular outcomes. Circ Res. 2015;117(2):207–19. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.117.305205.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Dunlay SM, Pack QR, Thomas RJ, Killian JM, Roger VL. Participation in cardiac rehabilitation, readmissions, and death after acute myocardial infarction. Am J Med. 2014;127(6):538–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2014.02.008.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Piepoli MF, Hoes AW, Agewall S, et al. 2016 European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: the Sixth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (constituted by representatives of 10 societies and by invited experts) Developed with the special contribution of the European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation (EACPR). Eur Heart J. 2016;37(29):2315–81. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehw106.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Amsterdam EA, Wenger NK, Brindis RG, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2014;130(25):2354–94. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000133.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. •• Ades PA, Keteyian SJ, Wright JS, et al. Increasing cardiac rehabilitation participation from 20% to 70%: a road map from the Million Hearts Cardiac Rehabilitation Collaborative. Mayo Clin Proc. 2017;92(2):234–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.10.014. An overview of current strategies to increase cardiac rehabilitations focusing on the areas of increasing referrals, increasing enrollment, and improving adherence

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Zbroch E, Musialowska D, Koc-Zorawska E, Malyszko J. Age influence on renalase and catecholamines concentration in hypertensive patients, including maintained dialysis. Clin Interv Aging. 2016;11:1545–50. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S106109.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. •• Soares-Miranda L, Siscovick DS, Psaty BM, Longstreth WT, Mozaffarian D. Physical activity and risk of coronary heart disease and stroke in older adults: the cardiovascular health study. Circulation. 2016;133(2):147–55. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.018323. A prospective cohort study of the associations in 4207 US individuals > 75 years old with CVD events. Greater distance, frequency, and intensity of exercise were all associated with up to a 50% reduction in CV events

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Jørgensen RM, Abildstrøm SZ, Levitan J, et al. Heart rate variability density analysis (Dyx) and prediction of long-term mortality after acute myocardial infarction. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol Off J Int Soc Holter Noninvasive Electrocardiol Inc. 2016;21(1):60–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/anec.12297.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Phillips SA, Andaku DK, Mendes RG, et al. Exploring vascular function biomarkers: implications for rehabilitation. Braz J Cardiovasc Surg. 2017;32(2):125–35. 10.21470/1678-9741-2016-0085.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Jacomini AM, da Dias D S, de Brito J O, et al. Influence of estimated training status on anti and pro-oxidant activity, nitrite concentration, and blood pressure in middle-aged and older women. Front Physiol. 2017;8. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2017.00122.

  13. Krzeminski K. The role of adrenomedullin in cardiovascular response to exercise—a review. J Hum Kinet. 2016;53:127–42. https://doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2016-0017.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. MacInnis MJ, Gibala MJ. Physiological adaptations to interval training and the role of exercise intensity. J Physiol. 2016; https://doi.org/10.1113/JP273196.

  15. Roof SR, Boslett J, Russell D, et al. Insulin-like growth factor 1 prevents diastolic and systolic dysfunction associated with cardiomyopathy and preserves adrenergic sensitivity. Acta Physiol. 2016;216(4):421–34. https://doi.org/10.1111/apha.12607.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Schaun MI, Marschner RA, Peres TR, Markoski MM, Lehnen AM. Aerobic training prior to myocardial infarction increases cardiac GLUT4 and partially preserves heart function in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab Physiol Appl Nutr Metab. 2017;42(3):334–7. https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2016-0439.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Nishida Y, Tanaka K, Hara M, et al. Effects of home-based bench step exercise on inflammatory cytokines and lipid profiles in elderly Japanese females: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2015;61(3):443–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2015.06.017.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. van der Geest KSM, Wang Q, Eijsvogels TMH, et al. Changes in peripheral immune cell numbers and functions in octogenarian walkers—an acute exercise study. Immun Aging. 2017;14(1). doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12979-017-0087-2.

  19. Rauch B, Davos CH, Doherty P, et al. The prognostic effect of cardiac rehabilitation in the era of acute revascularisation and statin therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized and non-randomized studies–the Cardiac Rehabilitation Outcome Study (CROS). Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2016;23(18):1914–39. https://doi.org/10.1177/2047487316671181.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Anderson L, Oldridge N, Thompson DR, et al. Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation for coronary heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67(1):1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2015.10.044.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. •• van Halewijn G, Deckers J, Tay HY, van Domburg R, Kotseva K, Wood D. Lessons from contemporary trials of cardiovascular prevention and rehabilitation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol. 2017;232:294–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.12.125. A systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs of CR in middle-aged and older adults focusing on CV benefits of non-comprehensive and comprehensive CR. It is unique in its review of studies only since 2010, including mostly individuals who are on the most current preventative therapies

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Hammill BG, Curtis LH, Schulman KA, Whellan DJ. Relationship between cardiac rehabilitation and long-term risks of death and myocardial infarction among elderly Medicare beneficiaries. Circulation. 2010;121(1):63–70. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.876383.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Suaya JA, Shepard DS, Normand S-LT, Ades PA, Prottas J, Stason WB. Use of cardiac rehabilitation by Medicare beneficiaries after myocardial infarction or coronary bypass surgery. Circulation. 2007;116(15):1653–62. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.701466.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Milani RV, Lavie CJ. Impact of cardiac rehabilitation on depression and its associated mortality. Am J Med. 2007;120(9):799–806. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2007.03.026.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Kachur S, Menezes AR, De Schutter A, Milani RV, Lavie CJ. Significance of comorbid psychological stress and depression on outcomes after cardiac rehabilitation. Am J Med. 2016;129(12):1316–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2016.07.006.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Lavie CJ, Arena R, Franklin BA. Cardiac rehabilitation and healthy life-style interventions. Rectifying Program Deficiencies to Improve Patient Outcomes J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67(1):13–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2015.09.103.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Tully PJ, Selkow T, Bengel J, Rafanelli C. A dynamic view of comorbid depression and generalized anxiety disorder symptom change in chronic heart failure: the discrete effects of cognitive behavioral therapy, exercise, and psychotropic medication. Disabil Rehabil. 2015;37(7):585–92. https://doi.org/10.3109/09638288.2014.935493.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Park H-S, Lee K-T, Kim T-W. Role of physical activity in mortality prediction in elderly hospice patients. J Exerc Rehabil. 2017;13(2):250–4. 10.12965/jer.1734950.475.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Chen H-T, Chung Y-C, Chen Y-J, Ho S-Y, Wu H-J. Effects of different types of exercise on body composition, muscle strength, and IGF-1 in the elderly with sarcopenic obesity. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2017;65(4):827–32. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.14722.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. •• Villareal DT, Aguirre L, Gurney AB, et al. Aerobic or resistance exercise, or both, in dieting obese older adults. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(20):1943–55. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1616338. A randomized control trial that found that a combination of a weight management program with aerobic and resistance exercise yielded the greatest benefits in physical performance

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Sousa N, Mendes R, Silva A, Oliveira J. Combined exercise is more effective than aerobic exercise in the improvement of fall risk factors: a randomized controlled trial in community-dwelling older men. Clin Rehabil. 2017;31(4):478–86. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215516655857.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Tse ACY, Wong TWL, Lee PH. Effect of low-intensity exercise on physical and cognitive health in older adults: a systematic review. Sports Med - Open. 2015;1(1):37. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-015-0034-8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. •• Northey JM, Cherbuin N, Pumpa KL, Smee DJ, Rattray B. Exercise interventions for cognitive function in adults older than 50: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2017; https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-096587. A systematic review and meta-analysis with findings that moderate-intensity exercise of 45-60 min per session is associated with benefits to cognition in adults 50 years old and older

  34. Schuch FB, Vancampfort D, Rosenbaum S, et al. Exercise for depression in older adults: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials adjusting for publication bias. Rev Bras Psiquiatr Sao Paulo Braz 1999. 2016;38(3):247–54. https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2016-1915.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Shiroma EJ, Sesso HD, Moorthy MV, Buring JE, Lee I-M. Do moderate-intensity and vigorous-intensity physical activities reduce mortality rates to the same extent? J Am Heart Assoc. 2014;3(5):–e000802. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.114.000802.

  36. Conraads VM, Pattyn N, De Maeyer C, et al. Aerobic interval training and continuous training equally improve aerobic exercise capacity in patients with coronary artery disease: the SAINTEX-CAD study. Int J Cardiol. 2015;179:203–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.10.155.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Huang G, Wang R, Chen P, Huang SC, Donnelly JE, Mehlferber JP. Dose–response relationship of cardiorespiratory fitness adaptation to controlled endurance training in sedentary older adults. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2016;23(5):518–29. https://doi.org/10.1177/2047487315582322.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Williams PT, Thompson PD. Increased cardiovascular disease mortality associated with excessive exercise in heart attack survivors. Mayo Clin Proc. 2014;89(9):1187–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2014.05.006.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Mosleh SM, Bond CM, Lee AJ, Kiger A, Campbell NC. Effects of community based cardiac rehabilitation: comparison with a hospital-based programme. Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs J Work Group Cardiovasc Nurs Eur Soc Cardiol. 2015;14(2):108–16. https://doi.org/10.1177/1474515113519362.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Bravo-Escobar R, González-Represas A, Gómez-González AM, et al. Effectiveness and safety of a home-based cardiac rehabilitation programme of mixed surveillance in patients with ischemic heart disease at moderate cardiovascular risk: a randomised, controlled clinical trial. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2017;17(1):66. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12872-017-0499-0.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  41. Hwang R, Bruning J, Morris NR, Mandrusiak A, Russell T. Home-based telerehabilitation is not inferior to a centre-based program in patients with chronic heart failure: a randomised trial. J Physiother. 2017;63(2):101–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphys.2017.02.017.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. •• Buckingham SA, Taylor RS, Jolly K, et al. Home-based versus centre-based cardiac rehabilitation: abridged Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis. Open Heart. 2016;3(2):e000463. https://doi.org/10.1136/openhrt-2016-000463. No significant differences between center-based and home-based CR in mortality, major acute CV events, exercise capacity, and most other markers of CV health. Center-based CR was associated with significantly lower HDL and diastolic BP. Home-based CR was associated with significantly higher completion rate

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Piotrowicz E, Korzeniowska-Kubacka I, Chrapowicka A, et al. Feasibility of home-based cardiac telerehabilitation: results of TeleInterMed study. Cardiol J. 2014;21(5):539–46. https://doi.org/10.5603/CJ.a2014.0005.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Frederix I, Hansen D, Coninx K, et al. Effect of comprehensive cardiac telerehabilitation on one-year cardiovascular rehospitalization rate, medical costs and quality of life: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2016;23(7):674–82. https://doi.org/10.1177/2047487315602257.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Whittaker F, Wade V. The costs and benefits of technology-enabled, home-based cardiac rehabilitation measured in a randomised controlled trial. J Telemed Telecare. 2014;20(7):419–22. https://doi.org/10.1177/1357633X14552376.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Nagano Y, Ishida K, Tani T, Kawasaki M, Ikeuchi M. Short and long-term effects of exergaming for the elderly. SpringerPlus. 2016;5(1):793. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-2379-y.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  47. Beatty AL, Fukuoka Y, Whooley MA. Using mobile technology for cardiac rehabilitation: a review and framework for development and evaluation. J Am Heart Assoc. 2013;2(6):–e000568. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.113.000568.

  48. Antypas K, Wangberg SC. An Internet- and mobile-based tailored intervention to enhance maintenance of physical activity after cardiac rehabilitation: short-term results of a randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res. 2014;16(3):e77. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.3132.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  49. Salvi D, Ottaviano M, Muuraiskangas S, et al. An m-Health system for education and motivation in cardiac rehabilitation: the experience of HeartCycle guided exercise. J Telemed Telecare. 2017:1357633X1769750. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1357633X17697501.

  50. Buys R, Claes J, Walsh D, et al. Cardiac patients show high interest in technology enabled cardiovascular rehabilitation. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2016;16:95. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-016-0329-9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  51. •• Thakkar J, Redfern J, Thiagalingam A, Chow CK. Patterns, predictors and effects of texting intervention on physical activity in CHD—insights from the TEXT ME randomized clinical trial. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2016;23(17):1894–902. https://doi.org/10.1177/2047487316664190. A randomized control clinical trial demonstrating the efficacy of mobile intervention in the form of text reminders in increasing physical activity levels in an elderly cohort

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Grace SL, Bennett S, Ardern CI, Clark AM. Cardiac rehabilitation series: Canada. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2014;56(5):530–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2013.09.010.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Luisi MLE, Biffi B, Gheri CF, et al. Efficacy of a nutritional education program to improve diet in patients attending a cardiac rehabilitation program: outcomes of a one-year follow-up. Intern Emerg Med. 2015;10(6):671–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11739-015-1211-y.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Mertens A, Brandl C, Miron-Shatz T, et al. A mobile application improves therapy-adherence rates in elderly patients undergoing rehabilitation: a crossover design study comparing documentation via iPad with paper-based control. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;95(36):e4446. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000004446.

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  55. Dunn S, Lark S, Fallows S. Identifying similar and different factors effecting long-term cardiac exercise rehabilitation behavior modification between New Zealand and the United Kingdom. J Phys Act Health. 2014;11(5):1018–24. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2012-0138.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Gostoli S, Roncuzzi R, Urbinati S, Morisky DE, Rafanelli C. Unhealthy behaviour modification, psychological distress, and 1-year survival in cardiac rehabilitation. Br J Health Psychol. 2016;21(4):894–916. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjhp.12204.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Giallauria F, Fattirolli F, Tramarin R, et al. Clinical characteristics and course of patients with diabetes entering cardiac rehabilitation. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2015;107(2):267–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2014.11.006.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Lacombe SP, LaHaye SA, Hopkins-Rosseel D, Ball D, Lau W. Identifying patients at low risk for activity-related events: the RARE Score. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev. 2014;34(3):180–7. https://doi.org/10.1097/HCR.0000000000000045.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Reed JL, Harris JM, Midence L, Yee EB, Grace SL. Evaluating the Heart Wise Exercise™ program: a model for safe community exercise programming. BMC Public Health. 2016;16:190. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-2866-7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  60. Schlitt A, Wischmann P, Wienke A, et al. Rehabilitation in patients with coronary heart disease: participation and its effect on prognosis. Dtsch Arzteblatt Int. 2015;112(31–32):527–34. https://doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.2015.0527.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Prince DZ, Sobolev M, Gao J, Taub CC. Racial disparities in cardiac rehabilitation initiation and the effect on survival. PM R. 2014;6(6):486–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmrj.2013.11.016.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Pourhabib S, Kentner AC, Grace SL. The impact of patient-healthcare provider discussions on enrollment in cardiovascular rehabilitation. J Rehabil Med. 2014;46(9):924–31. https://doi.org/10.2340/16501977-1852.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  63. •• Aamot I-L, Karlsen T, Dalen H, Støylen A. Long-term exercise adherence after high-intensity interval training in cardiac rehabilitation: a randomized study. Physiother Res Int J Res Clin Phys Ther. 2016;21(1):54–64. https://doi.org/10.1002/pri.1619. An RCT demonstrating the effectiveness of high-intensity interval training in improving physical fitness (as measured by oxygen uptake) and maintaining higher levels of fitness in both the inpatient and outpatient settings at 1 year

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Graduate Medical Education, Ocala Regional Medical Center, 1431 SW 1st Ave, Ocala, FL, 34471, USA

    Sergey Kachur & Faisal Rahim

  2. Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, John Ochsner Heart and Vascular Institute, Ochsner Clinic - The University of Queensland School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA

    Carl J. Lavie, Michael Morledge, Michael Cash, Homeyar Dinshaw & Rich Milani

Authors
  1. Sergey Kachur
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Faisal Rahim
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Carl J. Lavie
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Michael Morledge
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Michael Cash
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Homeyar Dinshaw
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Rich Milani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sergey Kachur.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

Sergey Kachur, Carl Lavie, Michael Cash, Homeyar Dinshaw, Rich Milani, Michael Morledge, and Faisal Rahim declare no conflict of interest.

Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent

This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.

Additional information

This article is part of the Topical Collection on Cardiovascular Disease in the Elderly

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Kachur, S., Rahim, F., Lavie, C.J. et al. Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Training in the Elderly. Curr Geri Rep 6, 264–272 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13670-017-0224-y

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13670-017-0224-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation