Abstract
The present research article is focused to investigate the heating- and cooling-assisted friction stir welding (FSW) on dissimilar copper to stainless steel joints along with normal FSW. Gas tungsten arc welding torch was applied for heating-assisted source in front of the FSW tool, wherein preheating current was varied as 20, 40, and 60 A with rest of constant FSW parameters. Similarly, cooling-assisted FSW was performed by compressed air and water behind the FSW tool for constant FSW parameters, wherein the compressed air flow rate was varied as 15 and 30 PSI and water cooling was applied with 75 ml/min one after another. Weld properties of assisted approaches were compared with normal FSW on the scale of macrostructure and microstructure analysis, tensile testing, and microhardness properties. The obtained results reveal that the normal FSW of dissimilar copper to stainless steel joint was observed as superior relative to assisted approaches. Surface oxides were observed for the welds of heating-assisted FSW and cooling-assisted FSW of compressed air. Elimination of surface oxides was noted for FSW assisted by water cooling. Highest tensile strength was reported for normal FSW relative to heating-assisted FSW and cooling-assisted FSW. Tensile strength was deteriorated as cooling conditions increase. The microstructures of the stir zone were observed as metal matrix type with Cu matrix and SS particles, wherein SS particles were reported as in random distribution with its varying size. Major defects were reported around the largely dispersed SS particles inside Cu matrix.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
K.P. Mehta, Advanced joining and welding techniques: an overview (chapter 5), in Advanced Manufacturing Technologies, ed. by K. Gupta (Springer, Berlin, 2017). doi:10.1007/978-3-319-56099-1_5
K.P. Mehta, V.J. Badheka, A review on dissimilar friction stir welding of copper to aluminum: process, properties, and variants. Mater. Manuf. Process. 31(3), 233–254 (2016)
K.P. Mehta, V.J. Badheka, Effects of tilt angle on the properties of dissimilar friction stir welding copper to aluminum. Mater. Manuf. Process. 31(3), 255–263 (2016)
I.V. Mazul, V.A. Belyakov, R.N. Giniatulin, A.A. Gervash, V.E. Kuznetsov, A.N. Makhankov, V.S. Sizenev, Preparation to manufacturing of ITER plasma facing components in Russia. Fusion Eng. Des. 86(6), 576–579 (2011)
Y. Li, X. Liu, Vacuum Science and Technology for Accelerator (Cornell University, Ithaca, 2015)
F. Bertinelli, G. Favre, L.M.A. Ferreira, S. Mathot, L. Rossi, F. Savary, E. Boter, Design and fabrication of superfluid helium heat exchanger tubes for the LHC superconducting magnets, in Proc EPAC (2004), pp. 1837–1839
R. Singh, K.K. Pant, S. Lal, D.P. Yadav, S.R. Garg, V.K. Raghuvanshi, G. Mundra, Vacuum brazing of accelerator components. J. Phys. Conf. Ser. (2012). doi:10.1088/1742-6596/390/1/012025
K. Bhanumurthy, D. Joyson, S.B. Jawale, A. Laik, G.K. Dey, Diffusion bonding of nuclear materials. BARC Newsl. 331, 19–25 (2013)
M. Merola, F. Escourbiac, R. Raffray, P. Chappuis, T. Hirai, A. Martin, Overview and status of ITER internal components. Fusion Eng. Des. 89, 890–895 (2014). doi:10.1016/j.fusengdes.2014.01.055
S.R. Ghodke, R. Barnwal, J. Mondal, A.S. Dhavle, S. Parashar, M. Kumar, S. Nayak, D. Jayaprakash, V. Sharma, S. Acharya, V.T. Nimje, K.C. Mittal, B.K. Dutta, L.M. Gantayet, Machining and brazing of accelerating RF cavity, in XXVI International Symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum Mumbai, India (2014)
M. Weigla, M. Schmidt, Influence of the feed rate and the lateral beam displacement on the joining quality of laser-welded copper-stainless steel connections. Phys. Procedia (2010). doi:10.1016/j.phpro.2010.08.029
Y.V. Budkin, Welding joints in dissimilar metals. Weld. Int. (2011). doi:10.1080/09507116.2011.554254
B. Zhang, J. Zhao, X. Li, G. Chen, Effects of filler wire on residual stress in electron beam welded QCr0.8 copper alloy to 304 stainless steel joints. Appl. Therm. Eng. (2015). doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2015.01.052
B.R. Moharana, S. Sahu, S. Sahoo, R. Bathe, Experimental investigation on mechanical and microstructural properties of AISI 304 to Cu joints by CO2 laser. Eng. Sci. Technol. Int. J. (2015). doi:10.1016/j.jestch.2015.10.004
A. Zapata, P.E. Denney, M.D. Latessa, M. Radke, System and method of welding stainless steel to copper (2014). http://www.google.com/patents/WO2014140763A2?cl=en. Accessed 15 May 2016
L.A. Andreevskikh, A.A. Drozdov, A.L. Mikhailov, YuM Samarokov, O.A. Skachkov, A.A. Deribas, Producing bimetallic steel–copper composites by explosive welding. Steel Transl. (2015). doi:10.3103/S0967091215010027
G.L. Marois, C. Dellis, J.M. Gentzbittel, F. Moret, HIP’ing of copper alloys to stainless steel. J. Nucl. Mater. 233(237), 927–931 (1996)
Z. Shen, Y. Chen, M. Haghshenas, T. Nguyen, J. Galloway, A.P. Gerlich, Interfacial microstructure and properties of copper clad steel produced using friction stir welding versus gas metal arc welding. Mater. Charact. 104, 1–9 (2015)
K. Srinivas, R. Saranarayanan, A.K. Lakshminarayanan, N. Srinivasan, B. Venkatraman, Zone wise properties of friction stir welded copper–stainless steel joints using Digital Image Correlation. Appl. Mech. Mater. 787, 485–489 (2015). doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.787.485
V. Shokri, A. Sadeghi, M.H. Sadeghi, Effect of friction stir welding parameters on microstructure and mechanical properties of DSS–Cu joints. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 693, 111–120 (2017)
A.J. Ramirez, D.M. Benati, H.C. Fals, Effect of tool offset on dissimilar Cu-AISI 316 stainless steel friction stir welding, in The Twenty-first International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference (International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers, 2011)
Y. Imani, M.K. Besharati, M. Guillot, Improving friction stir welding between copper and 304L stainless steel. Adv. Mater. Res. (2011). doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.409.263
M. Jafari, M. Abbasi, D. Poursina, A. Gheysarian, B. Bagheri, Microstructures and mechanical properties of friction stir welded dissimilar steel–copper joints. J. Mech. Sci. Technol. 31(3), 1135–1142 (2017)
K.P. Mehta, V.J. Badheka, Influence of tool design and process parameters on dissimilar friction stir welding of copper to AA6061-T651 joints. Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 80(9–12), 2073–2082 (2015)
K.P. Mehta, V.J. Badheka, Effects of tool pin design on formation of defects in dissimilar friction stir welding. Procedia Technol. 23, 513–518 (2016)
K.P. Mehta, V.J. Badheka, Influence of tool pin design on properties of dissimilar copper to aluminum friction stir welding. Trans. Nonferrous Metals Soc. China 27(1), 36–54 (2017)
K.P. Mehta, V. Badheka, Experimental investigation of process parameters on defects generation in copper to AA6061-T651 friction stir welding. Int. J. Adv. Mech. Automob. Eng. (IJAMAE) 3, 55–58 (2016)
Y. Imani, M.K. Givi, M. Guillot, Improving friction stir welding between copper and 304L stainless steel. Adv. Mater. Res. 409, 263–268 (2012). doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.409.263
H. Bang, H. Bang, G. Jeon, I. Oh, C. Ro, Gas tungsten arc welding assisted hybrid friction stir welding of dissimilar materials Al6061-T6 aluminum alloy and STS304 stainless steel. Mater. Des. 37, 48–55 (2012)
H. Bang, H. Bang, H. Song, S. Joo, Joint properties of dissimilar Al6061-T6 aluminum alloy/Ti–6% Al–4% V titanium alloy by gas tungsten arc welding assisted hybrid friction stir welding. Mater. Des. 51, 544–551 (2013)
H. Barekatain, M. Kazeminezhad, A.H. Kokabi, Microstructure and mechanical properties in dissimilar butt friction stir welding of severely plastic deformed aluminum AA 1050 and commercially pure copper sheets. J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 30(8), 826–834 (2014)
W.S. Chang, S.R. Rajesh, C.K. Chun, H.J. Kim, Microstructure and mechanical properties of hybrid laser-friction stir welding between AA6061-T6 Al alloy and AZ31 Mg alloy. J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 27(3), 199–204 (2011)
X. Liu, S. Lan, J. Ni, Electrically assisted friction stir welding for joining Al 6061 to TRIP 780 steel. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 219, 112–123 (2015)
G.K. Padhy, C.S. Wu, S. Gao, Auxiliary energy assisted friction stir welding–status review. Sci. Technol. Weld. Join. 20(8), 631–649 (2015)
K.P. Mehta, V.J. Badheka, Hybrid approaches of assisted heating and cooling for friction stir welding of copper to aluminum joints. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 239, 336–345 (2017)
J. Zhang, Y. Shen, X. Yao, H. Xu, B. Li, Investigation on dissimilar underwater friction stir lap welding of 6061-T6 aluminum alloy to pure copper. Mater. Des. 64, 74–80 (2014)
M.A. Mofid, A. Abdollah-Zadeh, F.M. Ghaini, The effect of water cooling during dissimilar friction stir welding of Al alloy to Mg alloy. Mater. Des. 1980–2015(36), 161–167 (2012)
K.P. Mehta, Investigation of friction stir welding between dissimilar materials copper to aluminum, Doctoral Thesis (2017)
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to Board for Research in Fusion Science and Technology (BRFST), Institute for Plasma Research (IPR), Gandhinagar, for sponsoring the research project via Project Number NFP/MAT/A10/04. Authors want to express their deep thanks to Dr. KUSH MEHTA who reviewed and modified the article in terms of its technicality and language.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Joshi, G.R., Badheka, V.J. Microstructures and Properties of Copper to Stainless Steel Joints by Hybrid FSW. Metallogr. Microstruct. Anal. 6, 470–480 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13632-017-0398-x
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13632-017-0398-x