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Cereal landraces genetic resources in worldwide GeneBanks. A review

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Abstract

Since the dawn of agriculture, cereal landraces have been the staples for food production worldwide, but their use dramatically declined in the 2nd half of the last century, replaced by modern cultivars. In most parts of the world, landraces are one of the most threatened components of agrobiodiversity, facing the risk of genetic erosion and extinction. Since landraces have a tremendous potential in the development of new cultivars adapted to changing environmental conditions, GeneBanks holding their genetic resources potentially play an important role in supporting sustainable agriculture. This work reviews the current knowledge on cereal landraces maintained in GeneBanks and highlights the strengths and weaknesses of existing information about their taxonomy, origin, structure, threats, sampling methodologies and conservation and GeneBanks’ documentation and management. An overview of major collections of cereal landraces is presented, using the information available in global metadatabase systems. This review on winter cereal landrace conservation focuses on: (1) traditional role of GeneBanks is evolving beyond their original purpose to conserve plant materials for breeding programmes. Today’s GeneBank users are interested in landraces’ history, agro-ecology and traditional knowledge associated with their use, in addition to germplasm traits. (2) GeneBanks therefore need to actively share their germplasm collections’ information using different channels, to promote unlimited and effective use of these materials for the further development of sustainable agriculture. (3) Access to information on the 7.4 million accessions conserved in GeneBanks worldwide, of which cereal accessions account for nearly 45 %, particularly information on cereal landraces (24 % of wheat, 23 % of barley, 14 % of oats and 29 % of rye accessions), is often not easily available to potential users, mainly due to the lack of consistent or compatible documentation systems, their structure and registration. (4) Enhancing the sustainable use of landraces maintained in germplasm collections through the effective application of recent advances in landrace knowledge (origin, structure and traits) and documentation using the internet tools and data providing networks, including the use of molecular and biotechnological tools for the material screening and detection of agronomic traits. (5) Cereal landraces cannot be exclusively conserved as seed samples maintained under ex situ conditions in GeneBanks. The enormous contribution of farmers in maintaining the crop and landraces diversity is recognised. Sharing of benefits and raising awareness of the value of cereal landraces are the most effective ways to promote their conservation and to ensure their continued availability and sustainable use. (6) Evaluation of costs and economic benefits attributed to sustainable use of cereal landraces conserved in the GeneBanks requires comprehensive studies conducted on a case-by-case basis, that take into consideration species/crop resources, conservation conditions and quality and GeneBank location and functions.

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Abbreviations

AEGRO:

An Integrated European In Situ Management Work Plan: Implementing Genetic Reserves and On Farm Concepts

ARS:

Agricultural Research Services

AVRDC:

World Vegetable Centre

AWCC:

Australian Winter Cereals Collection

CENARGEN:

EMBRAPA Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia

CGN:

Centre for Genetic Resources (The Netherlands)

CIMMYT:

The International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre

CGIAR:

The Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research

CBD:

Convention on Biological Diversity

CWR:

Crop wild relatives

DSA:

Data Sharing Agreement

EADB:

European Avena Database

EC:

European Commission

ECPGR:

European Cooperative Programme for Plant Genetic Resources

EURISCO:

European Plant Genetic Resources Search Catalogue

ESDB:

European Secale Database

EWDB:

European Wheat Database

FAO:

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

GBIMS:

Indian GeneBank Information Management System

GFG:

German Federal GeneBank

GRIN:

Germplasm Resources Information Network

GPA:

Global Plan of Action

GBIF:

Global Biodiversity Information Facility

IBCC:

International Barley Core Collection

ICGR-CAAS:

Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences

ICARDA:

International Centre for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas

IC:

Institute Code

ICIS:

International Crop Information System

IBPGR:

International Board for Plant Genetic Resources

IPGRI:

International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (now Bioversity International)

IPK:

Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (Germany)

IHAR:

Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute (Poland)

ITPGRFA:

International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture

MoU:

Memorandum of Understanding

NBPGR:

National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (India)

NIs:

European National Inventories

NIAS:

National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences

NordGen:

Nordic Genetic Resources Centre

NSGC:

National Small Grains Germplasm Research Facility (USA)

PGRC:

Plant Gene Resources of Canada

PGR:

Plant genetic resources

PGRFA:

Plant genetic resources for food and agriculture

SEEDNet:

South-East European Development Network on Plant Genetic Resources

SGRP:

Government of The Netherlands and the System-wide Genetic Resources Programme

SINGER:

System-wide Information Network for Genetic Resources

USDA:

US Department of Agriculture

US NPGS:

US National Plant Germplasm System

VIR:

N.I. Vavilov Research Institute of Plant Industry

WIEWS:

World Information and Early Warning System on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.

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Acknowledgements

This work was support by the European Community, through the INTERREG IIIB and MAC programmes, research projects Germobanco Agrícola da Macaronesia and AGRICOMAC. This paper was edited by Olga Spellman (Bioversity International)

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. ISOPlexis Germplasm Bank, University of Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9000-390, Funchal, Portugal

    Miguel A. A. Pinheiro de Carvalho, Graça Costa, Teresa M. M. Dos Santos & Jan J. Slaski

  2. Department of Plant Breeding and Biometry, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Athens, 11855, Greece

    Penelope J. Bebeli

  3. Genetic Resources, Ecophysiology and Plant Breeding Unit, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (INIAV, I. P.), Quinta do Marquês, 2784-505, Oeiras, Portugal

    Eliseu Bettencourt

  4. Bioversity International, Via dei Tre Denari 472/a, 00057, Maccarese (Rome), Italy

    Sonia Dias

  5. Bioresource Technologies, Alberta Innovates Technology Futures, Vegreville, Alberta, T9C 1T4, Canada

    Jan J. Slaski

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  1. Miguel A. A. Pinheiro de Carvalho
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Correspondence to Jan J. Slaski.

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Eliseu Bettencourt is currently on leave of absence.

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de Carvalho, M.A.A.P., Bebeli, P.J., Bettencourt, E. et al. Cereal landraces genetic resources in worldwide GeneBanks. A review. Agron. Sustain. Dev. 33, 177–203 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-012-0090-0

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