Introduction

Patient-centered communication is increasingly being recognized as an essential physician competency, and improvement of this skill is expected at all levels of training and practice [1]. Physician communication influences quality of care and improves patient outcomes, affecting physical and emotional health, patient understanding of medical issues, adherence to treatment regimens, and patient satisfaction with healthcare [2,3,4]. Effective communication is critical to the patient experience, which has become an important performance metric, contributing to incentive consideration in hospital and provider reimbursement as part of value-based purchasing programs [5, 6]. Patient survey results now affect reimbursement, which are derived from the Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (HCAHPS) and the Merit-Based Incentive Payment System (MIPS) [formerly known as the Physician Quality Reporting System (PQRS)], among others [6].

While effective communication is considered a vital skill, many physicians believe they have inadequate training [2, 7]. Physicians struggle with delivering bad news and disclosing medical errors, often using poor methods of communication with their patients [8]. Despite the emphasis on communication skills in current medical school curricula, practicing physicians rarely have opportunities to receive constructive feedback and coaching on communication [8,9,10]. Some communication-focused training workshops have been described in graduate medical education, including simulated patient encounters for surgery residents [8, 11]. To address this practice gap, we developed an objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) for physicians to practice, be evaluated, and receive coaching on their communication skills in a simulation setting.

Methods

A patient communication workshop was offered at the American Academy of Dermatology (AAD) annual meeting in March 2016 in Washington, D.C. Participants registered for the workshop and completed at least one of the four following clinical scenarios: medication counseling (isotretinoin), delivering bad news (melanoma diagnosis), agenda setting, and dealing with unmet expectations. The workshop content was developed based on a prior needs assessment indicating communication skills as a practice gap for dermatologists.

In a simulated clinic setting, dermatologists interacted with a standardized patient (SP), a trained actor who represents a patient by providing a scripted personal history, physical symptoms, emotional characteristics, and everyday concerns similar to what providers may encounter in a clinic [12]. The actor was a patient educator with expertise in assessing communication skills and providing feedback and coaching.

At each station, participants were instructed to take a history and counsel the patient. The workshop participants were given necessary clinical information for each case, which included patient name, age, vital signs, medication list, and the chief complaint. After a 20-min encounter, the SP provided a detailed communication evaluation, coaching, and structured feedback to the participant using a standardized checklist. The SPs scored participants using an abbreviated version of the Master Interview Rating Scale (MIRS), a validated instrument to assess communication skills [13]. Participants evaluated their experience through a survey reporting whether the workshop met its learning objectives and rated the value of their simulation experience, scoring both on a 5-point Likert response scale. Additionally, the participants listed barriers to effective communication that they may face in actual clinical practice.

All workshop content was approved by the AAD Scientific Assembly Committee. The programmatic evaluation of the workshop was granted exemption status by the UCSF Committee on Human Subjects Research.

Results

Of the 170 dermatologists who registered, 103 participated in the workshop. There were 34, 29, 21, and 19 dermatologists who completed the managing expectations, agenda-setting, medication counseling, and delivering bad news scenarios, respectively. Most participants were new clinicians, senior clinicians, or fellows.

The average (mean) reported workshop learning objective achievement score was between 4.5 and 4.6 out of a maximum score of 5 (Table 1). The average (mean) communication score, as determined by the SP-rated abbreviated MIRS, was 3.1–4.8 out of a maximum score of 5 (Table 2). Participants’ lowest-rated communication skills were identified as follows: allowing the patient to share their narrative thread (3.1), summarizing the patient’s history from the provider (3.8), and assessing patient understanding (3.8). The most common barriers reported in clinical practice were lack of resources, administrative support, and time available in clinical practice to assess and counsel patients.

Table 1 Participant ratings of the workshop learning objectives
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Table 2 Communication scores achieved by participants
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Discussion

We developed an educational workshop with the goal to strengthen the communication skills of practicing dermatologists using SP simulation. Physicians found this OSCE workshop helpful for practice and feedback, uniformly rating that the workshop met its learning objectives. The aspects of physician–patient communication identified as potential areas for improvement were derived from the lowest average scores reported in this workshop. These identified areas included (1) the extent that the participant allowed the SP to share their narrative (e.g., minimizing interruptions to the patient narrative and eliciting patients’ beliefs about their illness), (2) how well the physician summarized the history that was obtained from the SP (e.g., active listening), and (3) the assessment of patient understanding (e.g., confirming patient understanding by asking patients to restate their understanding of the disease and treatment plan). These areas present an opportunity to develop a curriculum to improve these specific communication skills.

OSCE workshops are relatively new components of continuing medical education, although this method has been integrated into medical school training for years [3, 14,15,16]. Examples of OSCE workshops for practicing physicians in the literature are limited. There are few articles that identify the use of OSCEs in training surgical residents and emergency medicine residents, and there are two communication-specific OSCEs among primary care residents [7, 8, 11, 17]. Among practicing physicians, there are several identified publications that report the use of OSCEs to enhance communication skills [10, 18,19,20]. OSCEs have been regularly integrated into the curriculum of medical students and among practicing pharmacists and veterinarians, but there are minimal publications that evaluate this education [21,22,23,24]. OSCE workshops have recently been implemented at continuing medical education conferences and are increasingly being used to refresh and refine procedural clinical skills among practitioners [25,26,27].

Although these scenarios were specific to dermatology, such as delivering the bad news of a skin cancer diagnosis and prioritizing multiple skin or hair complaints, similar situations are encountered within primary care, and these cases can be easily adapted to other specialties. We hope that our workshop may serve as a model to support efforts to increase the utilization of OSCE workshops for communication skills practice in continuing medical education in all specialties in the future.

This OSCE format could also be utilized for competency assessment for trainee coaching and assessment [28]. This curriculum may also be expanded to address additional continuing medical educational needs such as interprofessional communication skills, including giving and receiving feedback. We are developing additional simulation exercises for educators, including OSCE workshops for teaching procedural skills in dermatology.

In considering the Kirkpatrick hierarchy of objectively evaluating medical education interventions, the baseline of success is dependent upon the reactions and engagement of the participants, which our workshop adequately addresses [29]. In the future, we will address more advanced Kirkpatrick measures of workshop success, including improved patient satisfaction or treatment outcomes based on physician–patient communication skills.

Enhancing communication skills will allow physicians to meet new metrics and incentives for reimbursement that are tethered to patient satisfaction scores but, more importantly, it may also effectively strengthen the patient–physician relationship during clinical practice [30]. Enriching relationships between patients and providers may contribute to improved physician well-being and mitigate physician burnout [2, 6].

Although this educational workshop successfully demonstrated the feasibility of using this type of intervention in dermatology continuing education to optimize learning, it may not accurately reflect real-world experiences. Some participants found it useful to practice these skills, but noted that the cost, time constraints, and lack of administrative support hinder the implementation of some communication skills in clinical practice. For example, the length of the simulated encounter exceeds the time typically available for counseling patients in many clinical environments. Participants also commented that the absence of common communication barriers, such as a computer in the exam room, made the simulation less realistic. Shorter encounter times and the incorporation of electronic medical records could ensure a more high-fidelity simulation experience in future workshops. Additionally, the value of this formative coaching should be studied longitudinally to determine the impact of the workshop on participants’ patient satisfaction scores or other metrics. In the future, we will incorporate these improvements to the OSCE communication workshops for continuing medical education and will continue to study this work in greater detail, as has been recommended by Wilbur et al. [27].

Conclusions

Overall, the participants found this OSCE simulation workshop to be effective and helpful. The attendees uniformly rated that the workshop met its prespecified learning objectives. We identified specific communication skills that require improvement amongst practicing dermatologists. Additionally, we will incorporate participant feedback on how to maximize more realistic patient encounters in the future. Developing high-fidelity simulation-based programs that allow dermatologists to practice and receive constructive feedback on their communication skills may be a valuable addition to continuing medical education, and may in turn effectively help to improve the well-being of both patients and physicians.