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RETRACTED ARTICLE: Association of androgen receptor exon 1 CAG repeat length with risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: a case–control study

  • Research Article
  • Published:
Tumor Biology

This article was retracted on 20 April 2017

Abstract

Epidemiologic and biological data suggest a role for androgens and perhaps their receptor in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development. However, few studies evaluated an association between HCC risk and androgen receptor (AR) cytosine, adenine, guanine (CAG) repeat length. To examine whether the relationship between the AR CAG repeats and HCC risk was also evident in Chinese, we conducted this large population-based, case–control study of 2,000 pathologically confirmed HCC patients and 2,000 frequency-matched controls. Two different approaches for AR CAG repeat length (analyses with continuous and categorized polymorphism variables) were conducted in the statistical analyses. For AR CAG longer allele (CAG_L), we found that subjects with longer AR CAG_L repeats had a decreased risk of developing HCC (OR = 0.87 for per CAG_A increase, 95 % CI 0.82–0.96, P = 5.33 × 10−4). Compared to those with the shorter (<23) CAG_L repeat length, subjects in the category of longer (≥23) CAG_L repeats had a significant 20 % decreased HCC risk (OR = 0.80, 95 % CI 0.71–0.91, P = 6.16 × 10−4). These findings suggest that androgen signaling underlies the development of HCC.

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Acknowledgments

We thank all the staff who were involved in the subject recruitment, telephone interviews, sample preparation, and laboratory assays for their hard works.

Conflicts of interest

None

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Oncology, General Hospital of Jinan Military Region, No. 25 Shifan Road, Jinan, 250031, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China

    Kainan Li, Chen Zhong, Jun Wang, Baocheng Wang & Jingwang Bi

  2. Department of Emergency Medicine, General Hospital of Jinan Military Region, No. 25 Shifan Road, Jinan, 250031, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China

    Jun He

Authors
  1. Kainan Li
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  2. Chen Zhong
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  3. Jun Wang
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  4. Baocheng Wang
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  5. Jun He
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  6. Jingwang Bi
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jingwang Bi.

Additional information

Kainan Li and Chen Zhong contributed equally to this work.

The Publisher and Editor retract this article in accordance with the recommendations of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE). After a thorough investigation we have strong reason to believe that the peer review process was compromised.

An erratum to this article can be found online at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13277-017-5487-6.

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Li, K., Zhong, C., Wang, J. et al. RETRACTED ARTICLE: Association of androgen receptor exon 1 CAG repeat length with risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: a case–control study. Tumor Biol. 35, 12519–12523 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13277-014-2570-0

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13277-014-2570-0

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