Abstract
Biosurfactants are of great interest due to the demand for natural products with low toxicity. Nevertheless, their production is not competitive when cost is a limiting factor. Strain AL 1.1, isolated on Deception Island (Antarctica), identified as Bacillus licheniformis, produced lipopeptides when grown using a variety of carbohydrates. Biosurfactant production, but not growth, was optimal at 30 °C. The culture conditions and medium composition dictated biosurfactant production. Basic optimization of culture and extraction parameters gave a production yiels of 860 mg/L purified extract in 24 h. The purified biosurfactant yielded a mixture of lipopeptide homologues, with molecular weights between 1006 and 1034. The peptide moiety consists of glutamine as the N-terminal amino acid, two leucines, valine, aspartic, leucine and isoleucine as the C-terminal amino acid. The lipid moiety contains a mixture of β-hydroxy fatty acids ranging in size from C14 to C16. These results indicate a similarity with lichenysin groups A, D or G. The organic extract reduced surface tension to 28.5 mN/m and achieved a critical micelle concentration of 15 mg/L. This highly effective and efficient behavior characterized the product as a powerful surfactant. Its stability under a wide pH range, high temperatures and variable concentrations of salt, as well as its emulsifying properties, suggest potential application in cosmetic industrial processes.
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Acknowledgments
We are grateful to Irene Fernandez from the Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Characterization Facility at CCiTUB of the University of Barcelona, and Ariadna Sanglas for her technical assistance in experimental work. Financial support was received from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness through projects CTQ2010-21183-C02-01. We thank Ecuador’s Government for a SENESCYT-ESPOL grant. We thank Laboratorios Magriña for their generous gift of oils.
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Jonathan Coronel and Guillermo de Grau contributed equally to this work.
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Coronel-León, J., de Grau, G., Grau-Campistany, A. et al. Biosurfactant production by AL 1.1, a Bacillus licheniformis strain isolated from Antarctica: production, chemical characterization and properties. Ann Microbiol 65, 2065–2078 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13213-015-1045-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13213-015-1045-x