Abstract
An electrochemical biosensor was developed to determine formaldehyde (HCHO) adulteration commonly found in food. The current responses of various electrodes based on multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and synthesized nanocomposite (CNT–Fe3O4) were measured using cyclic voltammetry. The nanocomposite based biosensor shows comparatively high sensitivity (527 µA mg/L−1 cm−2), low detection limit (0.05 mg/L) in linear detection range 0.05–0.5 mg/L for formaldehyde detection using formaldehyde dehydrogenase (FDH) enzyme. In real sample analysis, the low obtained RSD values (less than 1.79) and good recovery rates (more than 90%) signify an efficient and precise sensor for the selective quantification of formaldehyde in orange juice. The developed biosensor has future implications for determining formaldehyde adulteration in citrus fruit juices and other liquid foods in agri-food chain to further resolve global food safety concerns, control unethical business practices of adulteration and reduce the widespread food borne illness outbreaks.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ahmed KMF, Hafez RS, Morgan SD, Awad AA (2015) Detection of some chemical hazards in milk and some dairy products. Afr J Food Sci 9:187–193
Ali MA, Singh C, Mondal K, Srivastava S, Sharma A, Malhotra BD (2016) Mesoporous few-layer graphene platform for affinity biosensing application. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 8:7646–7656
Azizi SN, Ghasemi S, Amiripour F (2016) Nickel/P nanozeolite modified electrode: a new sensor for the detection of formaldehyde. Sens Actuator B Chem 227:1–10
Bhardwaj H, Singh C, Kumar Pandey M, Sumana G (2016) Star shaped zinc sulphide quantum dots self-assembled monolayers: preparation and applications in food toxin detection. Sens Actuators B Chem 231:624–633
Brown AP, Anson FC (1977) Cyclic and differential pulse voltammetric behavior of reactants confined to the electrode surface. Anal Chem 49(11):1589–1595. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac50019a033
Das M, Dhand C, Sumana G, Srivastava AK, Nagarajan R, Malhotra BD (2012) Electrophoretically fabricated core-shell CNT-DNA biowires for biosensing. J Mater Chem 22:2727–2732
Dhyani H, Ali MA, Pandey MK, Malhotra BD, Sen P (2012) Electrophoretically deposited CdS quantum dots based electrode for biosensor application. J Mater Chem 22:4970–4976
Ding B, Wang H, Tao S, Wang Y, Qiu J (2016) Preparing electrochemical active hierarchically porous carbons for detecting nitrite in drinkable water. RSC Adv 6:7302–7309
European Food Safety Authority C (2007) Opinion of the scientific panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and materials in contact with food (AFC) related to use of formaldehyde as a preservative during the manufacture and preparation of food additives. EFSA 5:415. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2007.415
Fayemi OE, Adekunle AS, Ebenso EE (2017) Electrochemical determination of serotonin in urine samples based on metal oxide nanoparticles/MWCNT on modified glassy carbon electrode. Sens Biosens Res 13:17–27
Fischer MJE (2010) Amine coupling through EDC/NHS: a practical approach. Surface Plasmon Resonan Methods Protoc 8:55–73. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-670-2_3
Goon S, Bipasha M, Islam MS, Hossain MB (2014) Fish marketing status with formalin treatment in bangladesh. IJPHS3:95-100. ISSN:2252-8806. https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/7179-EN-fish-marketing-status-with-formalin-treatment-in-bangladesh.pdf
Han R, Li W, Pan W, Zhu M, Zhou D, Li F-s (2014) 1D magnetic materials of Fe3O4 and Fe with high performance of microwave absorption fabricated by electrospinning method. Sci Rep 4. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep07493
Hariani PL, Faizal M, Setiabudidaya D (2013) Synthesis and properties of Fe3O4 nanoparticles by co-precipitation method to removal procion dye. IJESD 4:336. ISSN: 2010-0264. http://eprints.unsri.ac.id/id/eprint/2708
Jeong H-S, Chung H, Song S-H, Kim C-I, Lee J-G, Kim Y-S (2015) Validation and determination of the contents of acetaldehyde and formaldehyde in foods. Toxicol Res 31:273
Kang YS, Risbud S, Rabolt JF, Stroeve P (1996) Synthesis and characterization of nanometer-size Fe3O4 and Y-Fe2O3 particles. Chem Mater 8:2209–2211
Khataee A, Lotfi R, Hasanzadeh A, Iranifam M (2016) A simple and sensitive flow injection method based on the catalytic activity of CdS quantum dots in an acidic permanganate chemiluminescence system for determination of formaldehyde in water and wastewater. Photochem Photobiol Sci 15:496–505
Korpan YI, Gonchar MV, Sibirny AA, Martelet C, El’skaya AV, Gibson TD, Soldatkin AP (2000) Development of highly selective and stable potentiometric sensors for formaldehyde determination. Biosens Bioelectron 15:77–83
Kulkarni SA, Sawadh PS, Palei PK, Kokate KK (2014) Effect of synthesis route on the structural, optical and magnetic properties of Fe3O4 nanoparticles. Ceram Int 40:1945–1949
Kumar A, Goyal SK, Pradhan RC, Goyal RK (2015) A study on status of milk adulterants using in milk of district Varanasi. South Asian J Food Technol Environ 1:140–143. ISSN: 2394-5168(Print),2454-6445 (online). http://www.sweft.in/download/volumes1_:_issue_2__/Paper%207.pdf
Ling YP, Heng LY (2010) A potentiometric formaldehyde biosensor based on immobilization of alcohol oxidase on acryloxysuccinimide-modified acrylic microspheres. Sensors 10:9963–9981. https://doi.org/10.3390/s101109963
Mabood F, Hussain J, Al Nabhani MMO, Gilani SA (2017) Detection and quantification of formalin adulteration in cow milk using near infrared spectroscopy combined with multivariate analysis. J Adv Dairy Res 5:2
Mathias PC, Hayden JA, Laha TJ, Hoofnagle AN (2014) Evaluation of matrix effects using a spike recovery approach in a dilute-and-inject liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry opioid monitoring assay. Clin Chim Acta 437:38–42
Mphuthi NG, Adekunle AS, Fayemi OE, Olasunkanmi LO, Ebenso EE (2017) Phthalocyanine doped metal oxide nanoparticles on multiwalled carbon nanotubes platform for the detection of dopamine. Sci Rep 7. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep43181
Nedellec V, Rabl A, Dab W (2016) Public health and chronic low chlordecone exposure in Guadeloupe, part 1: hazards, exposure-response functions, and exposures. Environ Health 15:75
Noor Aini B, Siddiquee S, Ampon K (2016) Development of formaldehyde biosensor for determination of formalin in fish samples; malabar red snapper (Lutjanus malabaricus) and longtail tuna (Thunnus tonggol). Biosensors 6:32. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios6030032
Paul Joseph D, Venkateswaran C, Selva Vennila R (2010) Critical analysis on the structural and magnetic properties of bulk and nanocrystalline Cu–Fe–O. Adv Mater Sci Eng. https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/715872
Pramod P, Joseph STS, Thomas KG (2007) Preferential end functionalization of Au nanorods through electrostatic interactions. J Am Chem Soc 129:6712–6713
Razzino CA, Sgobbi LF, Canevari TC, Cancino J, Machado SAS (2015) Sensitive determination of carbendazim in orange juice by electrode modified with hybrid material. Food Chem 170:360–365
Sharma R et al (2013) Phase control of nanostructured iron oxide for application to biosensor. J Mater Chem B 1:464–474
Sherman DM, Waite TD (1985) Electronic spectra of Fe3+ oxides and oxide hydroxides in the near IR to near UV. Am Miner 70:1262–1269
Singh C et al (2013) Carboxylated multiwalled carbon nanotubes based biosensor for aflatoxin detection. Sens Actuators B Chem 185:258–264
Wahed P, Razzaq MA, Dharmapuri S, Corrales M (2016) Determination of formaldehyde in food and feed by an in-house validated HPLC method. Food Chem 202:476–483
Wang M, Jiang S, Chen Y, Chen X, Zhao L, Zhang J et al (2012) Formaldehyde biosensor with formaldehyde dehydrogenase adsorped on carbon electrode modified with polypyrrole and carbon nanotube. Engineering 4(10):135. https://doi.org/10.4236/eng.2012.410B035
World Health O (2004) IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. Volume 88: formaldehyde, 2-butoxyethanol and 1-tert-butoxypropan-2-ol, vol 88. WHO, Geneva, Switzerland. ISBN: 9283212886
Zhang X et al (2015) Studies on the determination of formaldehyde in squid and bummalo. AER 46:20–22. file:///C:/Users/asus/Downloads/25846129%20(1).pdf
Zhu X, Liu M, Liu Y, Chen R, Nie Z, Li J, Yao S (2016) Carbon-coated hollow mesoporous FeP microcubes: an efficient and stable electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution. J Mater Chem A 4:8974–8977
Acknowledgements
We sincerely express gratitude to Director, CSIR-NPL, New Delhi, India for providing the research facilities and encouragement. We are grateful to Mr. Jai Singh and Mr. Dinesh CSIR-NPL for SEM and TEM measurements respectively. The sponsorship support received from ICAR-IARI, New Delhi, India is gratefully acknowledged.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kundu, M., Bhardwaj, H., Pandey, M.K. et al. Development of electrochemical biosensor based on CNT–Fe3O4 nanocomposite to determine formaldehyde adulteration in orange juice. J Food Sci Technol 56, 1829–1840 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-019-03635-7
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-019-03635-7