Fig. 7

Time series of sea ice extent change (106 km2) in (a) the Arctic and (b) the Antarctic for historical simulation (black) and future simulations for four SSP-RCPs (SSP5–8.5 (red), SSP3–7.0 (yellow), SSP2–4.5 (blue), and SSP1–2.6 (green)) relative to PD level (1995–2014), respectively. Shaded area indicates ensemble spread of six members (both K-ACE and UKESM1)