Abstract
We report here for the first time the polymerization of melamine in three different type III deep eutectic solvents (DESs), namely ethaline, glyceline and reline. The novel DESs functionalized polymelamine (PME-DESs) modified glassy carbon electrode was compared with conventional electrolytes including sulphuric acid and neutral Cl− aqueous solution. The key effect of the potential window, the acidity of the electrolyte, concentration of melamine and Cl− and the temperature of electrolyte on the polymerization of melamine have been further studied to choose the best PME-DESs. The selected PME(ethaline) was further incorporated with hydroxyl functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotube (f-WMCNTs) and applied in selective sensing of dopamine. PME(ethaline)/f-MWCNTs/GCE demonstrated excellent electrocatalytic activity towards dopamine oxidation. The observed linear range for the detection of dopamine concentration, without interferences through differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), was from 1.0 μM to 1.0 mM (R2 = 0.9924), with a detection limit of 288 nM (S/N = 3). Studies proved that the modified electrode can be successfully applied for the quantitative determination of dopamine both with and without interferences.
Graphical abstract
Electrochemical characterization of melamine electropolymerized in deep eutectic solvents for selective detection of dopamine
Similar content being viewed by others
References
A. Van den Bossche, E. De Witte, W. Dehaen, K. Binnemans, Green Chem. 20, 3327–3338 (2018)
W. Chen, Z. Xue, J. Wang, J. Jiang, X. Zhao And T. Mu, Acta Phys.-Chim. Sin. 34, 904–911 (2018)
J. Kalhoff, G. Eshetu, D. Bresser, S. Passerini, Chemsuschem 8, 2154–2175 (2015)
A. Vacca, M. Mascia, L. Mais, S. Rizzardini, F. Delogu, S. Palmas, Electrocatalysis 5, 16–22 (2013)
Y. Ye, J. Rick, B. Hwang, J. Mater. Chem. A 1, 2719–2743 (2013)
S. Riaño, M. Petranikova, B. Onghena, T. Vander Hoogerstraete, D. Banerjee, M. Foreman, C. Ekberg and K. Binnemans, RSC Adv. 7, 32100–32113 (2017)
N. Li, Y. Wang, K. Xu, Y. Huang, Q. Wen, X. Ding, Talanta 152, 23–32 (2016)
B. Ozturk, C. Parkinson, M. Gonzalez-Miquel, Separation And Purification Technology 206, 1–13 (2018)
N. Fu, L. Li, K. Liu, C. Kim, J. Li, T. Zhu, J. Li, B. Tang, Talanta 197, 567–577 (2019)
P. Xu, G. Zheng, M. Zong, N. Li, W. Lou, Bioresources And Bioprocessing 4, 34 (2017)
S. Ramesh, R. Shanti, E. Morris, Carbohyd. Polym. 87, 701–706 (2012)
D. Di Marino, D. Stöckmann, S. Kriescher, S. Stiefel, M. Wessling, Green Chem. 18, 6021–6028 (2016)
J. Malaquias, M. Steichen, P. Dale, Electrochim. Acta 151, 150–156 (2015)
Y. Qian, C. Ma, S. Zhang, J. Gao, M. Liu, K. Xie, S. Wang, K. Sun, H. Song, Sensors And Actuators B: Chemical 255, 1655–1662 (2018)
A. Hillman, K. Ryder, V. Ferreira, C. Zaleski, E. Vieil, Electrochim. Acta 110, 418–427 (2013)
S. Ruggeri, F. Poletti, C. Zanardi, L. Pigani, B. Zanfrognini, E. Corsi, N. Dossi, M. Salomäki, H. Kivelä, J. Lukkari, F. Terzi, Electrochim. Acta 295, 124–129 (2019)
S. García-Argüelles, C. García, M. Serrano, M. Gutiérrez, M. Ferrer, F. del Monte, Green Chem. 17, 3632–3643 (2015)
P. Maximiano, P. Mendonça, M. Santos, J. Costa, T. Guliashvili, A. Serra, J. Coelho, J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 55, 371–381 (2016)
O. Hosu, M. Bârsan, C. Cristea, R. Săndulescu, C. Brett, Electrochim. Acta 232, 285–295 (2017)
Z. Shahamat, F. Nemati, A. Elhampour, Mol. Diversity 24, 691–706 (2020)
P. Gupta, S. Yadav, R. Goyal, J. Electrochem. Soc. 162, 86–92 (2014)
T.W. Chen, S. Palanisamy, S. Chen, V. Velusamy, S.K. Ramaraj, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. 12, 8021–8032 (2017)
S. Palanisamy, S. Ramaraj, S. Chen, V. Velusamy, T. Yang, T. Chen, Microchim. Acta 184, 1051–1057 (2017)
S. Kesavan, D. Kumar, Y. Lee, J. Shim, Sensors And Actuators B: Chemical 241, 455–465 (2017)
P. Gupta, R. Goyal, Talanta 120, 17–22 (2014)
S. Richardson-Burns, J. Hendricks, D. Martin, J. Neural Eng. 4, 6–13 (2007)
Y. Long, M. Li, C. Gu, M. Wan, J. Duvail, Z. Liu, Z. Fan, Prog. Polym. Sci. 36, 1415–1442 (2011)
R. Cools, The Neuroscientist 14, 381–395 (2008)
W. Gao, L. Qi, Z. Liu, S. Majeed, S. Kitte, G. Xu, Sensors And Actuators B: Chemical 238, 468–472 (2017)
X. Yan, H. Li, T. Hu, X. Su, Biosens. Bioelectron. 91, 232–237 (2017)
M. Vázquez-González, W. Liao, R. Cazelles, S. Wang, X. Yu, V. Gutkin, I. Willner, ACS Nano 11, 3247–3253 (2017)
S. Chen, S. Liu, A. Wen, J. Zhang, H. Nie, J. Chen, R. Zeng, Y. Long, Y. Jin, R. Mai, Electrochim. Acta 271, 312–318 (2018)
Y. Chang, P. Woi, Y. Alias, Microchem. J. 148, 322–330 (2019)
H. Bi, Y. Li, S. Liu, P. Guo, Z. Wei, C. Lv, J. Zhang, X. Zhao, Sensors And Actuators B: Chemical 171–172, 1132–1140 (2012)
M. Boyd, S. Klein, D. Reindl, B. Dougherty, J. Sol.Energy Eng. 133, 201005 (2011)
F. Ciucci, Current Opinion in Electrochemistry 13, 132–139 (2019)
M. Emran, M. Shenashen, A. Abdelwahab, M. Abdelmottaleb, M. Khairy, S. El-Safty, Electrocatalysis 9, 514–525 (2018)
M. Raj, R. Goyal, Sensors And Actuators B: Chemical 250, 552–562 (2017)
L. Chen, E. Tanner, C. Lin, R. Compton, Chemical Science 9, 152–159 (2018)
A. Farahi, H. Hammani, A. Kajai, S. Lahrich, M. Bakasse, M. El Mhammedi, Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 100, 295–310 (2019)
R.T. Hartshorn, M.C. Lim, A.G. Sykes, Inorg. Chem. 27, 4603–4606 (1988)
J.F. Guan, J. Zou, Y.P. Liu, X.Y. Jiang, J.G. Yu, Ecotoxicology Environmental Safety 201, 110872 (2020)
K. Reddaiah, T.M. Reddy, D.V. Ramana, Y.S. Rao, Materials Science And Engineering: C 62, 506–517 (2016)
X. Wang, K. Zheng, X. Feng, C. Xu, W. Song, Sensors And Actuators B: Chemical 219, 361–369 (2015)
H. Li, X. Wang, Z. Yu, J. Solid State Electrochem. 18, 105–113 (2013)
Funding
This work is financially supported by Impact Oriented Interdisciplinary Research Grant IIRG013B-2019 and RU Grant ST022-2020 by the Universiti Malaya.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Chang, Y.H., Woi, P.M. & Alias, Y.B. Electrochemical Characterization of Melamine Electropolymerized in Deep Eutectic Solvents for Selective Detection of Dopamine. Electrocatalysis 12, 238–250 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12678-021-00648-9
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12678-021-00648-9