Abstract
Today’s world has experienced the change in the extraction of metal from its native ore to that from secondary resources. The ash and tailings are such secondary resources for extraction of aluminium. The present investigation shows the effect of furnace lining materials and plasma gas on the extraction of aluminium from the waste material during smelting reduction studies. A laboratory scale plasma arc furnace was used for the reduction studies of bottom ash, iron ore slime with charcoal. Experiments in hydrogen and nitrogen plasma environments were carried out inside magnesite and graphite crucible separately. The rate of reduced metal absorption by the liquid metal bath for a fixed time was determined. The output of aluminium through metal, slag and exit gas was calculated to establish a tentative mechanism of smelting reduction. Combination of nitrogen plasma and graphite crucible showed the optimum recovery level of reduced aluminium in metal. The high-temperature plasma could reduce highly stable oxides of waste materials, and the recovery of volatile aluminium in metal could be possible by using a metal solvent bath.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Mandal A K, and Sinha O P, J Mater Civ Eng 29 (2017) 04016245.
Rai A, Mandal A K, Singh K K, and Mankhand T R, Int J Waste Resour ( IJWR ) 3 (2013) 40.
Mandal A K, and Sinha O P, Waste Manag Res 43 (2017) 26.
Goodboy K P, Metall Trans B 7 (1976) 716.
Matjie R H, Bunt J R, van Heerden J H P, Miner Eng 18 (2005) 299.
Guan X, Pal U B, Jiang Y, and Su S, J Sustain Metall 2 (2016) 152.
Aktas S, Morcali M H, Aksu K, and Aksoy B, Trans Indian Inst Met 71 (2018) 697.
Sharma C V, Trivedi J R, and Chaudhury S K, Trans Indian Inst Met 70 (2017) 2651.
Srinivasan G, Bhaduri A K, Nagaraju S, and Rajadurai A, Trans Indian Inst Met 61 (2008) 447.
Fornalczyk A, and Saternus M, Acta Metall Sin (Eng Lett) 26 (2013) 247.
Wang Y, Feng N, You J, and Peng J, CN 101632958 A (2010).
Mandal A K, Dishwar R K, and Sinha O P, IEEE Trans Plasma Sci 46 (2018) 1793.
Behera A, and Mishra S C, Emerg Mater Res 2 (2013) 39.
Behera A, Behera A, Mishra S C, Pani S, and Parida P, IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng 75 (2015) 012004.
Kriskova L, Machiels L, and Pontikes Y, J Sustain Metall 1 (2015) 240.
Mitrasinovic A, Pershin L, Wen J Z, and Mostaghimi J, JOM 63 (2011) 24.
Pradip, Met Mater Process 6 (1994) 179.
Mandal A K, Paramkusam B R, and Sinha O P, Waste Manag Res 36 (2018) 351.
Pickles C A, Mclean A, Alcoc C B, and Nikolic R N, Can Metall Q 29 (1990) 193.
Liu A, Shi Z, Xie K, Hu X, Gao B, Korenko M, and Wang Z, J Min Metall Sect B Metall 53 (2017) 155.
Khanna R, and Sahajwalla V, Acta Mater 53 (2005) 1205.
Khanna R, Ikram-Ul Haq M, Wang Y, Seetharaman S, and Sahajwalla V, Metall Mater Trans B 42 (2011) 677.
Khanna R, Ikram-Ul-Haq M, Seetharaman S, and Sahajwalla V, ISIJ Int 56 (2016) 1300.
Mandal A K, and Sinha O P, J Sustain Metall 3 (2017) 696.
Khanna R, Ikram-Ul Haq M, Wang Y, Seetharaman S, and Sahajwalla V, Metall Mater Trans B 42 (2011) 67.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Mandal, A.K., Pramanik, S. & Sinha, O.P. Effect of Exposure Time, Lining Material and Plasma Gas on the Extraction of Aluminium from Waste by Smelting Reduction. Trans Indian Inst Met 72, 1181–1186 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12666-019-01602-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12666-019-01602-6