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Characterisation of Minerals and Ores: On the Complementary Nature of Select Techniques and Beyond

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Abstract

This overview is written as a tribute to my teacher, Professor Arun Kumar Biswas who introduced me to the discipline of minerals characterisation over three decades back. The focus of the paper is on complementary nature of techniques used for mineralogical characterisation of ores, minerals and, intermediate and final products generated during processing. The subject matter is essentially covered in two parts. In the first part, a general outlook is given based on the research summary dealing with a wide spectrum of materials and processes investigated. The potential and limitations of some commonly used tools/techniques are highlighted. In the second part, specific examples are presented under different themes covering phase identification, quantification of phases, heterogeneity in ores, occurrence of minor elements and their reactivity, mechanically activated solids, and lastly, structure-leachability correlations.

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Notes

  1. Edited volume published on the 60th Birthday of Prof. Arun Kumar Biswas.

Abbreviations

α:

Fractional conversion

ε, εc :

Microstrain (by XRD)

Δc:

Change in lattice parameter c, nm

AEM:

Analytical electron microscope

AFM:

Atomic force microscope/microscopy

Am :

Degree of amorphisation

AMFA:

Attrition milled fly ash

ASM:

American Society for Metals

B or B-:

Birnessite (0.7 nm phase)

B j :

Standardised partial regression coefficient for variable j

b o , b j :

Parameters of regression equation

BSE:

Back scattered electron mode in SEM

Bu or Bu-:

Buserite (1 nm phase)

CFA:

Classified fly ash

CFSE:

Crystal field stabilisation energy

Co(C):

Cobalt doped in coprecipitation mode

COD:

Crystal Open Database

d:

Inter-planar spacing, nm

d10, d50, d90 :

Characteristic particle diameters, μm

DTA:

Differential thermal analysis

Eaα :

Activation energy at fractional conversion α, kJ/mol

EDS:

Energy dispersive spectrometry

EELS:

Electron energy loss spectroscopy

EM:

Electron microscope

ESCA:

Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (same as XPS)

EXAFS:

Extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy

FA:

Fly ash

FFe :

Fraction of iron leached

FR :

Fraction of doped element R leached

FTIR:

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

G or G-:

Goethite

GGBFS:

Ground granulated blast furnace slag

In:

Doping in ion-exchange mode

IR:

Infrared spectroscopy

IRS:

Internal reflectance spectroscopy

j :

Variable number

JCPDS:

Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards

LOI:

Loss on ignition, wt. %

MCD:

Micro crystalline dimension (by XRD), nm

MCD00l :

MCD in <00l> direction, nm

MCDc :

MCD in c- direction, nm

OM:

Optical microscope/microscopy

PCA:

Principal component analysis

PSD:

Particle size distribution

QSEM:

Quantitative scanning electron microscopy

QXRD:

Quantitative X-ray diffraction analysis

R:

Doped element (Ni/Co/Cu)

RFA:

Raw fly ash

rxy :

Binary correlation coefficient between variables x and y

SA:

Surface area, m2/g

SAED:

Selected area electron diffraction

SE:

Secondary electron mode in SEM

SEM:

Scanning electron microscope

SMILE:

Simultaneous milling and leaching

SSABET :

Specific surface area (BET), m2/g

SSAGeo :

Specific surface area (geometrical), m2/g

STM:

Scanning tunnelling microscope/microscopy

t:

Time, min

T(m,n):

Nomenclature for manganese oxide minerals

TEM:

Transmission electron microscope

TG:

Thermogravimetric analysis

tMA :

Milling time, min

VMFA:

Vibratory milled fly ash

WDS:

Wave length dispersive spectrometry

XANES:

X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy

XAS:

X-ray absorption spectroscopy

x or X j :

Independent variable

y:

Dependent variable

XPS:

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

XRD:

X-ray diffraction

Z:

Atomic number

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Acknowledgements

The work reported in this paper is outcome of author’s collaboration with several of his mentors, colleagues and associates. The author would like to thank and express his gratitude for all of them, especially, Prof. S P Mehrotra, late Prof. P Ramachandra Rao (formerly Directors, CSIR-NML); Profs. R K Ray and T R Ramachandran (ex IIT Kanpur); Drs. Sanjay Kumar, T C Alex, S Srikanth, B Ravi Kumar, Swapan Das, late Samar Das, T Mishra, (CSIR-NML); and Dr. Pradip (TRDDC-TCS), Prof. Nirdosh K. Khosla (IIT Bombay) and Dr. Arup Gangopadhyay (Ford Motor Company). Support from Dr. K Muraleedharan (Director, CSIR-NML and CSIR-CGCRI) is gratefully acknowledged.

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  1. CSIR-National Metallurgical Laboratory, Jamshedpur, 831 007, India

    Rakesh Kumar

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  1. Rakesh Kumar
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Kumar, R. Characterisation of Minerals and Ores: On the Complementary Nature of Select Techniques and Beyond. Trans Indian Inst Met 70, 253–277 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12666-016-1006-5

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