Abstract
The Lake Togo-Lagoon of Aného complex is located in the area of the phosphorite mining which produces different types of waste that are dumped directly into the surrounding environment without treatment. In addition, the contributions of its tributaries after leaching agricultural and urban soils need to be considered. This increases the risk of contamination of the hydrosystem, especially the sediments in trace elements. The objective of this study is to evaluate the level of trace elements contamination and their spatial and seasonal variation in the sediments of the Lake Togo-Lagoon of Aného complex. The sediment physicochemical parameters were determined in line with French standards. The trace elements were determined using an Atomic Absorption Spectrometer coupled to a hydride and cold vapour generator. The spatial and seasonal variation was assessed using Ordinary Kriging Interpolation method. The average content of trace elements in sediments in mg/kg was as follow: Cd: 0.75, Pb: 13.26, Cr: 50.63, Ni: 36.05, Cu: 10.90, Hg: 0.04, As: 3.88, Zn: 47.38 and Mn: 766.74 in the dry season. In rainy season, the average concentration was: Cd: 0.46, Pb: 9.50, Cr: 27.43, Ni: 21.36, Cu: 9.61, Hg: 0.05, As: 5.23, Zn: 39.21 and Mn: 910.08. These concentrations showed a strong spatial variation. Significant seasonal variations were obtained for conductivity, organic matter as well as for Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Hg and As. The sediments were found to be weakly to moderately contaminated and enriched by trace elements with a higher contamination for Cd. The sediments may have low to moderate adverse effects on aquatic living organisms. This trace element contamination is of anthropogenic origin through the phosphorite mining and the agricultural and urban effluents. Therefore, this lagoon ecosystem warrants regular monitoring for better understanding to inform protection of the resource.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aduayi-Akue AA, Gnandi K (2014) Evaluation de la pollution par les métaux lourds des sols et de la variété locale du maïs Zea mays dans la zone de traitement des phosphates de Kpémé (Sud du Togo). Int J Biol Chem Sci 8:2347–2355
Aduwo AI, Adeniyi IF (2018) The heavy metals/trace elements contents of sediments from Owalla reservoir Osun state, southwest Nigeria. Adv Oceanogr Limnol 9:68–78
Agah H, Saleh A, Bastami KD, Fumani NS (2016) Ecological risk, source and preliminary assessment of metals in the surface sediments of Chabahar Bay, Oman Sea. Mar Pollut Bull 107:383–388
Ali MM, Ali ML, Islam MS, Rahman MZ (2016) Preliminary assessment of heavy metals in water and sediment of Karnaphuli River, Bangladesh. Environ Nanotechnol Monit Manag 5:27–35
Aloupi M, Angelidis MO (2001) Geochemistry of natural and anthropogenic metals in the coastal sediments of the island of Lesvos Aegean Sea. J Environ Poll 113:211–219
Amin B, Ismail A, Arshad A, Yap CK, Kamarudin MS (2009) Anthropogenic impacts on heavy metal concentrations in the coastal sediments of Dumai Indonesia. Environ Monit Assess 148:291–305
Ansah E, Nukpezah D, Hogarh JN (2018) Levels and Distribution of Heavy Metals in Weija Reservoir Accra, Ghana West African. J Appl Ecol 26:74–88
Ayah M, Grybos M, Tampo L, Bawa LM, Bril H, Djaneye-Boundjou G (2015) Qualité et pollution des eaux d’un hydrosystème littoral tropical: cas du système lagunaire de Lomé Togo. Eur Sci J 11:95–119
Bai J, Cui B, Chen B, Zhang K, Deng W, Gao H, Xiao R (2011) Spatial distribution and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in surface sediments from a typical plateau lake wetland, China. Ecol Modell 222:301–306
Bastami KD, Bagheri H, Haghparast S, Soltani F, Hamzehpoor A, Bastami MD (2012) Geochemical and geo-statistical assessment of selected heavy metals in the surface sediments of the Gorgan Bay, Iran. Mar Pollut Bull 64:2877–2884
Bastami KD, Afkhami M, Mohammadizadeh M, Ehsanpour M, Chambari S, Aghaei S et al (2015a) Bioaccumulation and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in the sediments and mullet Liza klunzingeri in the northern part of the Persian Gulf. Mar Pollut Bull 94:329–334
Bastami KD, Neyestani MR, Shemirani F, Soltani F, Haghparast S, Akbari A (2015b) Heavy metal pollution assessment in relation to sediment properties in the coastal sediments of the southern Caspian Sea. Mar Pollut Bull 92:237–243
Bawa LM, Djaneye-Boundjou G, Boyode BP, Assih BT (2007) Water quality evaluation from Lomé’s lagoon: Effects on heavy metals contamination on fishes. J Appl Sci Environ Manag 11:33–36
Biney C, Amzu AT, Calamari D, Kaba N, Mbome IL, Naeve H et al. (1994) Etude des métaux lourds. In: Clamari D, Naeve H (eds) Revue de la pollution dans l’environnement aquatique africain. Document technique du CPCA No. 25, FAO, Rome, pp 37–54. http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/V3640F/V3640F3604.htm#ch3644.3641
Boucheseiche C, Cremille E, Pelte T, Pojer K (2002) Pollution toxique et écotoxicologie: notion de base, guide technique no 7. Bassin Rhône-Méditerranée-Corse Agence de l’Eau Rhône-Méditerranée-Corse, Lyon
Boyes WK (2010) Essentiality, toxicity, and uncertainty in the risk assessment of Manganese. J Toxicol Environ Health A 73:159–165
Butcher DJ (2002) Speciation of methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl and its derivatives: a review. Appl Spectrosc Rev 37:1–17
Caeiro S, Costa MH, Ramos TB, Fernandes F, Silveira N, Coimbra A et al (2005) Assessing heavy metal contamination in Sado Estuary sediment: an index analysis approach. Ecol Indic 5:151–169
CCME (2001) Canadian sediment quality guidelines for the protection of aquatic life: Summary tables. Updates. In: Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME) (ed) Canadian environmental quality guidelines. Environment Canada, Winnipeg, Canada, pp 1–5
Chapman D, Kimstach V (1996) Selection of water quality variables. In: Chapman D (ed) Water quality and assesments-a guide to use of biota, sediments and water in environmental monitoring, 2nd edn. E. & F.N. Spon, London, pp 56–133
Chen B, Liang X, Xu W, Huang X, Li X (2012) The changes in trace metal contamination over the last decade in surface sediments of the Pearl River Estuary south China. Sci Total Environ 439:141–149
Da Costa PYD, Flicoteaux R, Affaton P, Seddoh K, Tairou MS, Johnson AKC (2006) Le Continental terminal du bassin côtier du togolais: un témoin d’altération pédogénétique sous climat tropical depuis l’oligocène supérieur. Afr Geosci Rev 13:267–288
Da Costa PYD, Affaton P, Salaj J, Johnson AKC, Seddoh K (2013) Biozonation des formations sédimentaires du bassin côtier du Togo (Afrique de l’ouest). Rev Ivoir Sci Technol 21–22:45–73
Das JD, Nolting RF (1993) Distribution of trace metals from soils and sewage sludge’s abay refluxing with aqua regia. Analyst 108:277–285
De Mora SD, Sheikholeslami MR (2002) ASTP: Contaminant screening program: Final report: interpretation of Caspian Sea sediment data. Caspian Environment Program (CEP), pp 1–27
Dean WE (1974) Determination of carbonate and organic matter in calcareous sediments and sedimentary rocks by loss on ignition: comparison with other methods. J Sediment Petrol 44:242–248
Dedjiho CA, Akpo AB, Noumon CJ, Agbahoungbata MY, Hounsinou P, Mama D et al (2014) Evaluation of the state of pollution of complex Aheme Lake -lagoon of Ouidah by trace metals Zn Cu, Cd, Pb and Cu speciation in sediment. Res J Chem Sci 4:33–41
DGSCN (2010) Quatrième recensement général de la population et de l’habitat, Résultats définitifs. Volume spéciale. Bureau Central du Recensement (BCR), Direction Générale de la Statistique et de la Comptabilité Nationale (DGSCN), Lomé, Togo
Doamekpor LK, Abusa Y, Ketemepi HK, Klake RK, Doamekpor MEAM, Anom PA, Obeng J (2018) Assessment of heavy metals in water and sediments of Sakumo II, Chemu and Kpeshie Lagoons, Ghana West African. J Appl Ecol 26:56–71
Ekaete AG, Ibironke OK, Olatunde PS, Olaoye OP (2015) Heavy metal pollutions and its associated ecological risks in Lagos Lagoon sediments, south-western Nigeria. Am Chem Sci J 9:1–13
Ekengele LN, Apelbo B, Jung MC (2016) Accumulation of heavy metals in surface sediments of Lere Lake, Chad. Geosci J. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12303-016-0047-4
El-Sayed SA, Moussa EMM, El-Sabagh MEI (2015) Evaluation of heavy metal content in Qaroun lake, El-Fayoum, Egypt Part I: bottom sediments. J Radiat Res Appl Sci 8:276–285
Fairey R, Long ER, Roberts CA, Anderson BS, Phillips BM, Hunt JW et al (2001) An evaluation of methods for calculating mean sediment quality guideline quotients as indicators of contamination and acute toxicity to amphipods by chemical mixture. Environ Toxicol Chem 20:2276–2286
Fang GC, Wu YS, Lee WJ, Chou TY, Lin IC (2007) Ambient air particulates, metallic elements, dry deposition and concentrations at Taichung Airport, Taiwan. Atmos Res 84:280–289
Fang GC, Huang YL, Huang JH (2010) Study of atmospheric metallic elements pollution in Asia during 2000–2007. J Hazard Mater 180:115–121
Förstner U, Wittmann GTW (1981) Metal pollution in the aquatic environment, 2nd edn. Springer, Berlin
François M, Li D, Dubourguier HC, Douay F (2002) Facteurs déterminants de la mobilité des métaux (Pb, Cd et Zn) dans les sols contaminés autour de deux usines métallurgiques du Nord de la France. Paper presented at the Journées Nationales de l’Etude des sols, Orléans, France, 22–24 Octobre 2002
Gnandi K (1998) Cadmium et autres polluants inorganiques dans les sols et sédiments de la Région côtière du Togo: une étude géochimique. Thèse de Doctorat, Université Friedrich-Alexander d’Erlangen-Nurenberg
Gnandi K (2002) L’impact de l’exploitation des phosphates sédimentaires de Hahotoé-Kpogamé sur la pollution chimique des sédiments du fleuve Haho et du lac (Sud Togo). J Rech Sci Univ Lomé A 6:95–105
Gnandi K, Tobschall HJ (1999a) Heavy metal release from phosphorite tailings into seawater: a simulated laboratory study. Sci Total Environ 236:181–190
Gnandi K, Tobschall HJ (1999b) The pollution of marine sediments by trace elements in the coastal region of Togo caused by dumping of cadmium-rich phosphorite tailing into the sea. Environ Geol 38:13–24
Gnandi K, Tobschall HJ (2002) Heavy metals distribution of soils around mining sites of cadmium-rich marine sedimentary phosphorites of Kpogame and Hahotoe (southern Togo). Environ Geol 41:593–600
Gnandi K, Rezaie B, Edorh AP (2009) The geochemical characterization of mine effluents from the phosphorite processing plant of Kpémé (southern Togo). Mine Water Environ 28:65–73
Gnandi K, Han S, Rezaie-Boroon MH, Porrachia M, Deheyn DD (2011) Increased bioavailability of mercury in the lagoons of Lomé, Togo: the possible role of dredging. Ambio 40:26–42
Gouin CA, Aka N, Adiaffi B, Bamba BS, Soro N (2016) Pollution saisonnière des sédiments de lagune par des métaux lourds (Cu, Pb et Zn) en zone tropicale humide: cas de la lagune Mondoukou (Sud-Est de la Côte d’Ivoire). Int J Biol Chem Sci 10:835–845
Hakanson L (1980) Ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control a sedimentological approach. Water Res 14:975–1001
Horowitz AJ, Elrick KA (1987) The relation of stream sediment surface area, grainsize and composition to trace element chemistry. Appl Geochem 2:437–451
Hounkpè JB, Kélomè NC, Adèchina R, Lawani RN (2017) Assessment of heavy metals contamination in sediments at the lake of Ahémé in southern of Benin (West Africa). J Mater Environ Sci 8:4369–4377
Islam MS, Ahmed MK, Habibullah-Al-Mamun M, Hoque MF (2015a) Preliminary assessment of heavy metal contamination in surface sediments from a river in Bangladesh. Environ Earth Sci 73:1837–1848
Islam MS, Ahmed MK, Raknuzzaman M, Habibullah-Al-Mamun M, Islam MK (2015b) Heavy metal pollution in surface water and sediment: a preliminary assessment of an urban river in a developing country. Ecol Ind 48:282–291
Jamshidi-Zanjani A, Saeedi M (2013) Metal pollution assessment and multivariate analysis in sediment of Anzali international wetland. Environ Earth Sci 70:1791–1808
Johnson AKC, Da Costa YD (2008) Le passage Paléocène-Eocène dans les bassins sédimentaires côtiers du golfe du Benin: Togo Benin et Nigeria. Rev Ivoir Sci Technol 11:193–205
Jonhson AK, Rat P, Lang J (2000) Le bassin sédimentaire à phosphate du Togo (Maastrichtien-Eocène): stratigraphie, environnements et évolution. J Afr Earth Sci 30:153–200
Kaiser J (2003) Manganese: a high-octane dispute. Science 300:926–928
Kambiré O, Adingra A, Eblin S, Aka N, Kakou A, Koffi-Nevry R (2014) Caractérisation des eaux d’une lagune estuarienne de la Côte d’Ivoire: la lagune Aby. Larhyss J 20:95–110
Kunkel H (1990) Über die Cadmiumverteilung in den Phosphoritlagerstätten von Kpogamé/Hahotoé. PhD Dissertation, Universtät Erlangen-Nuremberg
Lamouroux M (1969). Notice explicative de la carte pédologique du Togo au 1/1000.000. Notice explicative No 34. Office de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique Outre Mer (ORSTOM), Centre ORSTOM de Lomé, Lomé, Togo
Lee PK, Yu YH, Yun ST, Mayer B (2005) Metal contamination and solid phase partitioning of metals in urban roadside sediments. Chemosphere 60:672–689
Li G, Hu B, Bi J, Leng Q, Xiao C, Yang Z (2013) Heavy metals distribution and contamination in surface sediments of the coastal Shandong Peninsula (Yellow Sea). Mar Pollut Bull 76:420–426
Liaghati T, Preda M, Cox M (2003) Heavy metal distribution and controlling factorswithin coastal plain sediments, Bells Creek catchment, southeast Queensland, Australia. Environ Int 29:935–948
Lin S, Hsieh IJ, Huang KM, Wang CH (2002) Influence of the Yangtze River and grain size on the spatial variations of heavy metals and organic carbon in the East China Sea continental shelf sediments. Chem Geol 182:377–394
Long ER (2006) Calculation and uses of mean sediment quality guideline quotients: a critical review. Environ Sci Technol 40:1726–1736
Long ER, MacDonald DD (1998) Recommended uses of empirically derived, sediment quality guidelines for marine and estuarine ecosystems. Hum Ecol Risk Assess 4:1019–1039
Long ER, MacDonald DD, Smith SL, Calder FD (1995) Incidence of adverse biological effects within ranges of chemical concentrations in marine and estuarine sediments. Environ Manag 19:81–97
Long ER, MacDonald DD, Severn CG, Hong CB (2000) Classifying probabilities of acute toxicity in marine sediments with empirically derived sediment quality guidelines. Environ Toxicol Chem 19:2598–2601
MacDonald DD, Carr S, Clader FD, Long ED, Ingersoll CG (1996) Development and evaluation of sediment quality guidelines for Florida coastal waters. Ecotoxicology 5:253–278
MacDonald DD, Ingersoll CG, Berger TA (2000) Development and evaluation of consensus based sediment quality guidelines for freshwater ecosystems. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 39:20–31
Marin V, Moreno M, Vassallo P, Vezzulli L, Fabiano M (2008) Development of a multistep indicator-based approach (MIBA) for the assessment of environmental quality of harbours. ICES J Mar Sci 65:1436–1441
Mathieu C, Pieltain F (2003) Analyse chimique des sols: méthodes choisies, Tec & Doc. Lavoisier, Paris, France
McCave IN (1984) Size spectra and aggregation of suspended particles in the deep ocean. Deep-Sea Res 31:329–352
Mermut AR, Jain JC, Song L, Kerrich R, Kozak L, Jana S (1996) Trace element concentrations of select soils and fertilizers in Saskatchewan. Can Environ Qual 25:845–853
Millet B (1986) Hydrologie et hydrochimie d’un milieu lagunaire tropical: le lac Togo, Collection Etudes et Thèses. ORSTOM, , Paris
Monroy M, Maceda-Veiga A, De Sostoa A (2014) Metal concentration in water, sediment and four fish species from Lake Titicaca reveals a large-scale environmental concern. Sci Total Environ 487:233–244
Nadem S, El Baghdadi M, Rais J, Barakat A (2015) Evaluation de la contamination en métaux lourds des sédiments de l’estuaire de Bou Regreg (Côte atlantique, Maroc). J Mater Environ Sci 6:3338–3345
Neculita C-M, Zagury GJ, Deschenes L (2005) Mercury speciation in highly contaminated soils from chlor-alkali plants using chemical extractions. J Environ Qual 34:255–262
Nshimiyimana F-X, Faciu M-E, El Blidi S, El Abidi A, Soulaymani A, Fekhaoui M, Lazar G (2016) Seasonal influence and risk assessment of heavy metals contamination in groundwater Arjaat village, Morocco. Environ Eng Manag J 15:579–587
Ouro-Sama K, Tanouayi G, Solitoke HD, Badassan TE-E, Ahoudi H, Nyametso AY, Gnandi K (2018) Seasonal variation, quality and typology of waters’ abiotic parameters of a tropical lagoon: the hydrosystem Lake Togo-Lagoon of Aného (south-east of Togo). Int J Innov Appl Stud 24:656–673
Pempkowiak J, Sikora A, Biernacka E (1999) Speciation of heavy metals in marine sediment vs their bioaccumulation by mussels. Chemosphere 39:313–321
Pietrzak U, Mcphail D (2004) Copper accumulation, distribution and fractionation in vineyard soils of Victoria. Aust Geoderma 122:151–166
Rabee AM, Al-Fatlawy YF, Abd own AAHN, Nameer M (2011) Using pollution load index (PLI) and geoaccumulation index (I-Geo) for the assessment of heavy metals pollution in Tigris river sediment in Baghdad region. J Al-Nahrain Univ Sci 14:108–114
Raven KP, Leoppert RH (1997) Trace element composition of fertilizers and soil amendments. Environ Qual 26:551–557
Razaie-Boroon MH, Gnandi K, Tomety-Mensah KF (2011) Presence and distribution of toxic trace elements in water and sediments of the southern Togo Rivers watershed, West Africa. Fresenius Environ Bull 20:1853–1865
Rodier J, Legube B, Merlet N (2009) L’analyse de l’eau, 9th edn. Dunod, Paris
Saeedi M, Li LY, Karbassi AR, Zanjani AJ (2012) Sorbed metals fractionation and risk assessment of release in river sediment and particulate matter. Environ Monit Assess 185:1737–1754. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-012-2664-3
Singer PC, Stumm W (1970) Acidic mine drainage-the rate limiting step. Science 167:1121–1123
Slansky M (1980) Géologie des phosphates sédimentaire. Éditions du BRGM, Mémoire du BRGM no. 114
Solitoke HD, Ouro-Sama K, Tanouayi G, Badassan TE-E, Ahoudi H, Nyametso AY et al (2018) Etude de la contamination métallique des sédiments d’un hydro système tropicale: Cas du système Lac Zowla-Lagune d’Aného (Sud - Togo). Environ Water Sci Public Health Territorial Intell J 2:41–51
Soro G, Métongo BS, Soro N, Ahoussi EK, Kouamé FK, Zadé SGP, Soro T (2009) Métaux lourds (Cu, Cr, Mn et Zn) dans les sédiments de surface d’une lagune tropicale africaine: cas de la lagune Ebrie (Côte d’Ivoire). Int J Biol Chem Sci 3:1408–1427
Stead-Dexter K, Ward NI (2004) Mobility of heavy metals within freshwater sediments affected by motorway stormwater. Sci Total Environ 334–335:271–277
Tchangbedji G, Kili KA, Savariaul MJ, Lacout JL (2003) Chemical and structural characterization of natural phosphate of Hahotoé (Togo). Bull Chem Soc Ethiopia 17:139–147
Thomassin JF, Touze S, Baranger P, Freyssinet P (2003). Le mercure et ses composés. Comportement dans les sols, les eaux et les boues de sédiments. Rapport final BRGM/RP-51890-FR. Bureau de Recherche Géologique et Minière (BRGM), France
Tomlinson DL, Wilson JG, Harris CR, Jeffney DW (1980) Problems in the assessment of heavy metal levels in estuaries and the formation of a pollution index. Helgol Mar Res 33:566–572
Traoré A, Soro G, Ahoussi KE, Bamba BS, Soro N, Biemi J (2014) Niveau de contamination en métaux lourds des sédiments d’une lagune tropicale: la lagune Aghien (Sud-Est de la Côte d’Ivoire). Afr Sci: Rev Int Sci Technol 10:73–88
Van Den Berg CMG (1993) Complex formation and the chemistry of selected trace elements in estuaries. Estuaries 16:512–520
Wang J, Liu R, Zhang P, Yu W, Shen Z, Feng C (2014) Spatial variation, environmental assessment and source identification of heavy metals in sediments of the Yangtze River Estuary. Mar Pollut Bull 87:364–373
Wani MA, Wani J, Bhat M, Kirmani N, Wani ZM, Bhat SN (2013) Mapping of soil micronutrients in Kashmir agricultural landscape using ordinary kriging and indicator approach. J Indian Soc Remote Sens 41:319–329
Wognin AV, N’guessan YM, Assalé FJP, Aka AM, Coulibaly AS, Monde S, Aka K (2017) Les éléments traces métalliques dans la lagune Ebrié: distribution saisonnière, niveau de contamination et qualité environnementale des sédiments. Int J Biol Chem Sci 11:911–923
Yao KM, Metongo BS, Trokourey A, Boka Y (2009) Assessment of sediments contamination by heavy metals in a tropical lagoon urban area (Ebrié lagoon, Côte d’Ivoire). Eur J Sci Res 34:280–289
Zhang H, Shan B (2008) Historical records of heavy metal accumulation in sediments and the relationship with agricultural intensification in the Yangtze-Huaihe region, China. Sci Total Environ 399:113–120
Zhang L, Ye X, Feng H, Jing Y, Ouyang T, Yu X et al (2007) Heavy metal contamination in western Xiamen Bay sediments and its vicinity, China. Mar Pollut Bull 54:974–982
Acknowledgements
This study was co-funded by the International Foundation for Science (IFS) in Sweden, the organization for the prohibition of chemical weapons (OPCW) in (Netherland) (IFS Scholarship: I-2-A-6056-1) and the Romanian Government through “Eugen Ionescu” Scholarship 2016 entirely managed by the Francophone University Agency [Agence Universitaire de la Francophonie (AUF)]. We also wish to express our gratitude to the Faculty of Engineering of “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau (Romania) and to the Laboratory of Management, Treatment and Valorization of Waste of the University of Lomé (Togo).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that there is no potential conflict of interest with this research or in the publication.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ouro-Sama, K., Solitoke, H.D., Tanouayi, G. et al. Spatial and seasonal variation of trace elements contamination in the sediments of a tropical lagoon ecosystem: the Lake Togo-Lagoon of Aného complex (southern Togo). Environ Earth Sci 80, 154 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-021-09390-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-021-09390-3