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Impact of salt and frost weathering on the physical and durability properties of travertines and carbonate tufas used as building material

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Abstract

This study aims to understand the effect of salt and frost crystallisation on the petrophysical and durability properties of representative types of travertine and carbonate tufas. Results demonstrate that the studied travertines and tufas exhibit a very high durability against salt and ice crystallisation cycles, compared to carbonates rocks with similar porosity values. The variation of the loss of mass, effective porosity, capillary absorption coefficient, ultrasonic wave velocity and attenuation, and compressive strength was scarce during weathering tests. The evolution of petrophysical properties was slightly more intense after 30 cycles of salt crystallisation than 100 cycles of freeze–thaw. Petrophysical and durability properties of the travertines and carbonate tufas depend on porosity fraction and on the manner in which the vuggy porosity is connected. In the travertine facies, vuggy macropores show little connection and can be considered as separate-vug porosity. Their addition to interparticle porosity increases effective porosity and reduces their mechanical strength but does not significantly increase capillary transport and the effectiveness of salt and ice action over the stone. On the contrary, in the carbonate tufas, vugs act as touching-vug pores, as capillary imbibition coefficients reveal. However, scanning electron microscopy displays that they underwent microcracking processes related mainly to both thermal stresses and/or ice and salt pressures. These microcracks present little connection, and they do not enhance noticeably the water flow or decrease the mechanical properties. These results are finally discussed in terms of a nonlinear decay pattern, which with long periods of apparent stability might be followed by rapid and catastrophic decay.

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Acknowledgements

This study was financed by the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science (MEC) through the Research Project CGL2006-05027/BTE and Community of Madrid (S2023/MIT 2914). A pre-doctoral research fellowship was awarded to N. Cueto by the MEC. We sincerely thank to C. Pla for her invaluable help and suggestions for improving the manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra y del Medio Ambiente, Universidad de Alicante, Campus San Vicente del Raspeig, 03690, San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain

    D. Benavente, J. Martinez-Martinez, N. Cueto & S. Ordoñez

  2. Instituto Geológico y Minero de España (IGME), Calle Ríos Rosas, 23, 28003, Madrid, Spain

    J. Martinez-Martinez

  3. Instituto de Geociencias (IGEO) (CSIC-UCM), C/José Antonio Novais, 12, 28040, Madrid, Spain

    M. A. Garcia-del-Cura

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  1. D. Benavente
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  2. J. Martinez-Martinez
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  3. N. Cueto
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  4. S. Ordoñez
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  5. M. A. Garcia-del-Cura
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Correspondence to D. Benavente.

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This article is part of a Topical Collection in Environmental Earth Sciences on “Stone in the Architectural Heritage: from quarry to monuments—environment, exploitation, properties and durability”, guest edited by Siegfried Siegesmund, Luís Sousa, and Rubén Alfonso López-Doncel.

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Benavente, D., Martinez-Martinez, J., Cueto, N. et al. Impact of salt and frost weathering on the physical and durability properties of travertines and carbonate tufas used as building material. Environ Earth Sci 77, 147 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-018-7339-0

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